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Fabrication and surface functionalization of paper-based WEs for EIS biosensing. As a key component in EIS biosensing, WEs were prepared and used in five steps: (1) cutting paper pieces into the shape of WEs, (2) printing a layer of carbon ink to the paper pieces, (3) growing ZnO NWs on the carbon ink, (4) immobilizing probe and blocking molecules to the surface of WEs, and (5) eventually using the WEs to capture target molecules for EIS biosensing.
