Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the analysis sample. Study participants from the Gutenberg Health Study with bilateral/unilateral phakia at baseline (2007–2012) and lens status at 5-year follow-examination (2012–2017)
| Baseline data | Bilateral phakia at baseline | Unilateral phakia at baseline |
|---|---|---|
| Number (n) | 10,544 | 139 |
| Sex (women) | 5129 (48.6%) | 64 (46.0%) |
| Age (years) | 53.84 ± 10.67 | 64.73 ± 7.62 |
| Socioeconomic status | 13.3 ± 4.4 | 13.1 ± 4.9 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.1 ± 4.8 | 27.7 ± 4.3 |
| Diabetes (yes) | 754 (7.2%) | 22 (15.8%) |
| Arterial hypertension (yes) | 4927 (46.7%) | 87 (62.6%) |
| Type of health insurance | ||
| Private (yes, otherwise statutory) | 271 (3.3%) | 2 (2.0%) |
| Ophthalmic parameters | ||
| Visual acuity OD (median [IQR]) | 0.00 [0.00, 0.10] | 0.22 [0.00, 0.22]a |
| Visual acuity OS (median [IQR]) | 0.00 [0.00, 0.10] | 0.22 [0.00, 0.30] |
| Spherical equivalent (diopter) OD | − 0.47 ± 2.51 | − 0.86 ± 2.61b |
| Spherical equivalent (diopter) OS | − 0.46 ± 2.52 | − 0.65 ± 2.43 |
| Intraocular pressure (mmHg) OD | 14.10 ± 2.81 | 14.26 ± 3.12c |
| Intraocular pressure (mmHg) OS | 14.25 ± 2.86 | 14.18 ± 2.79 |
| Eye diseases (self-reported) | ||
| Glaucoma | 179 (1.7%) | 13 (9.4%) |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 31 (0.3%) | 3 (2.2%) |
| Age-related macular degeneration | 31 (0.3%) | 4 (2.9%) |
| Corneal disease | 183 (1.7%) | 7 (5.0%) |
aWith respect to phakic/pseudophakic eyes: 0.18 ± 0.20/0.25 ± 0.39
bWith respect to phakic/pseudophakic eyes: − 0.90 ± 3.35/− 0.68 ± 2.12
cWith respect to phakic/pseudophakic eyes: 14.22 ± 2.98/13.85 ± 3.04