Online-only Table 1.

The 20 models used for the analysis of paleoclimate from the last glacial maximum through to pre-industrialisation (21,000 B.P. – 100 B.P.), ‘natural’ climate conditions simulated with the CMIP5 pre-industrial control runs, historical climate simulations (1850–2005), and future simulated climate (2006–2100) under four Representative Concentration Pathways (2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5).

			Atmospheric Resolution (°)
Model	Ensemble*	Institution/s	Lat	Long	Number of years†	RCP scenarios
ACCESS 1.3	r1i1p1	Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation / Bureau of Meteorology	1.9	1.2	500	4.5, 8.5
BCC-CSM1.1	r1i1p1	Beijing Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration	2.8	2.8	500	2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5
CanESM2	r1i1p1, r2i1p1, r3i1p1, r4i1p1, r5i1p1	Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis	2.8	2.8	996	2.6, 4.5, 8.5
CCSM4	r1i1p1, r2i1p1, r3i1p1, r4i1p1, r5i1p1, r6i1p1	National Center for Atmospheric Research	0.9	1.3	1,051	2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5
CESM1(CAM5)	r1i1p1, r2i1p1, r3i1p1	National Center for Atmospheric Research	0.9	1.3	320	2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5
CSIRO-Mk3.6.0	r1i1p1, r2i1p1, r3i1p1, r4i1p1, r5i1p1, r6i1p1, r7i1p1, r8i1p1, r9i1p1, r10i1p1	Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation / Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence	1.9	1.9	500	2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5
GFDL-CM3	r1i1p1	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research - Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory	2	2.5	500	2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5
GISS-E2-H	r1i1p1, r2i1p1, r3i1p1, r4i1p1, r5i1p1, r6i1p1	NASA / GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies)	2.5	2	312	2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5
GISS-E2-R	r1i1p1, r2i1p1, r3i1p1, r4i1p1, r5i1p1, r6i1p1	NASA / GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies)	2.5	2		2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5
HadGEM2-CC	r1i1p1, r2i1p1, r3i1p1	Met Office Hadley Centre	1.3	1.9	240	4.5, 8.5
HadGEM2-ES	r1i1p1, r2i1p1, r3i1p1, r4i1p1	Met Office Hadley Centre	1.3	1.9	575	2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5
INM-CM4	r1i1p1	Institute for Numerical Mathematics	1.5	2	500	4.5, 8.5
IPSL-CM5A-LR	r1i1p1, r2i1p1, r3i1p1, r4i1p1	Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace	1.9	3.8	1,000	2.6, 4.5, 8.5
IPSL-CM5A-MR	r1i1p1	Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace	1.3	2.5	300	2.6, 4.5, 8.5
MIROC5	r1i1p1	Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (The University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies / Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology	1.4	1.4	670	2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5
MIROC-ESM	r1i1p1, r2i1p1, r3i1p1, r4i1p1, r5i1p1	Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (The University of Tokyo) / National Institute for Environmental Studies	2.8	2.8	630	2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5
MPI-ESM-LR	r1i1p1, r2i1p1, r3i1p1	Max Planck Institute for Meteorology	1.9	1.9	1,000	2.6, 4.5, 8.5
MRI-CGCM3	r1i1p1	Meteorological Research Institute	1.1	1.1	500	2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5
NorESM1-M	r1i1p1	Norwegian Climate Centre	1.9	2.5	501	2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5
TraCE-21ka#	N/A	National Center for Atmospheric Research	2.5	2.5	21,000

^*All pre-industrial control simulations only utilised ensemble r1i1p1. See methods for details. ^†Number of years of pre-industrial control simulation.

All historical/RCP simulations were spliced to the matching realisation⁴². ^#TraCE-21ka data was pre-processed for PaleoView²⁸.