TABLE 1.
Descriptive Statistics of C-BDI-II Items (n = 4672).
| Items |
All participants |
Gender |
School location |
||||||||||
| Male | Female | χ2/T | Cramér’s V/Cohen’d | City | Urban | χ2/T | Cramér’s V/Cohen’d | ||||||
| M (SD) | SK | KU | r(i–t) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||||||
| (1) Feeling sad | 0.74 (0.78) | 0.90 | 0.41 | 0.65 | 0.73 (0.76) | 0.75 (0.79) | 4.23 | 0.03 | 0.72 (0.77) | 0.76 (0.79) | 4.14 | 0.03 | |
| (2) Pessimism | 0.56 (0.85) | 1.31 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.50 (0.82) | 0.63 (0.89) | 38.81 | 0.09 | 0.53 (0.83) | 0.60 (0.88) | 8.94* | 0.04* | |
| (3) Past failure | 0.50 (0.79) | 1.43 | 0.97 | 0.58 | 0.44 (0.76) | 0.56 (0.83) | 26.92* | 0.08* | 0.47 (0.78) | 0.54 (0.82) | 9.98* | 0.05* | |
| (4) Loss of pleasure | 0.59 (0.74) | 1.10 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.59 (0.75) | 0.60 (0.74) | 3.21 | 0.03 | 0.59 (0.74) | 0.60 (0.75) | 1.68 | 0.02 | |
| (5) Guilty feelings | 0.49 (0.82) | 1.30 | 0.14 | 0.44 | 0.47 (0.81) | 0.52 (0.84) | 3.24* | 0.07* | 0.48 (0.81) | 0.52 (0.84) | 4.12 | 0.03 | |
| (6) Punishment feelings | 0.37 (0.80) | 2.25 | 4.07 | 0.56 | 0.33 (0.76) | 0.43 (0.85) | 28.70* | 0.08* | 0.36 (0.80) | 0.39 (0.82) | 9.20* | 0.05* | |
| (7) Self-dislike | 0.20 (0.48) | 2.77 | 9.14 | 0.54 | 0.17 (0.44) | 0.23 (0.51) | 15.49*** | 0.06*** | 0.19 (0.46) | 0.21 (0.50) | 3.70 | 0.03 | |
| (8) Self-criticalness | 0.45 (0.70) | 1.71 | 3.00 | 0.48 | 0.48 (0.73) | 0.43 (0.67) | 9.78* | 0.05* | 0.45 (0.70) | 0.46 (0.71) | 0.44 | 0.01 | |
| (9) Suicidal ideation | 0.13 (0.39) | 3.74 | 17.51 | 0.48 | 0.12 (0.36) | 0.13 (0.41) | 4.95 | 0.03 | 0.12 (0.36) | 0.14 (0.42) | 6.26 | 0.04 | |
| (10) Crying | 0.44 (1.00) | 2.03 | 2.32 | 0.51 | 0.50 (1.04) | 0.37 (0.95) | 79.30* | 0.13* | 0.40 (0.96) | 0.49 (1.06) | 14.05* | 0.06* | |
| (11) Agitation | 0.67 (0.99) | 1.29 | 0.36 | 0.49 | 0.69 (1.01) | 0.64 (0.97) | 5.34 | 0.03 | 0.65 (0.98) | 0.69 (1.00) | 7.34 | 0.04 | |
| (12) Loss of interest | 0.65 (0.89) | 1.38 | 1.12 | 0.51 | 0.72 (0.94) | 0.57 (0.82) | 36.58* | 0.09 | 0.64 (0.88) | 0.67 (0.91) | 36.58* | 0.09 | |
| (13) Indecisiveness | 0.37 (0.64) | 1.68 | 2.28 | 0.59 | 0.35 (0.62) | 0.40 (0.67) | 8.88* | 0.04* | 0.35 (0.62) | 0.40 (0.67) | 3.70 | 0.03 | |
| (14) Feelings of worthlessness | 0.40 (0.68) | 1.83 | 3.35 | 0.58 | 0.44 (0.69) | 0.37 (0.66) | 23.00*** | 0.07*** | 0.40 (0.66) | 0.42 (0.70) | 6.67 | 0.04 | |
| (15) Loss of energy | 0.27 (0.62) | 2.14 | 3.30 | 0.58 | 0.27 (0.62) | 0.28 (0.63) | 1.53 | 0.02 | 0.27 (0.61) | 0.28 (0.64) | 5.23 | 0.04 | |
| (16) Change in sleeping pattern | 0.78 (0.82) | 0.90 | 0.29 | 0.55 | 0.78 (0.83) | 0.78 (0.81) | 2.12 | 0.02 | 0.74 (0.80) | 0.84 (0.85) | 4.12 | 0.03 | |
| (17) Irritability | 0.71 (0.70) | 0.79 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.70 (0.69) | 0.71 (0.70) | 19.45*** | 0.07*** | 0.71 (0.70) | 0.73 (0.70) | 16.11*** | 0.06*** | |
| (18) Change in appetite | 0.54 (0.69) | 1.09 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.53 (0.68) | 0.56 (0.71) | 3.60 | 0.03 | 0.54 (0.69) | 0.55 (0.70) | 0.64 | 0.01 | |
| (19) Concentration difficulty | 0.14 (0.42) | 3.60 | 14.75 | 0.31 | 0.09 (0.35) | 0.18 (0.48) | 54.99*** | 0.11*** | 0.13 (0.41) | 0.15 (0.43) | 4.26 | 0.03 | |
| (20) Tiredness or fatigue | 0.63 (0.73) | 1.02 | 0.70 | 0.54 | 0.63 (0.71) | 0.64 (0.75) | 8.52* | 0.04* | 0.62 (0.71) | 0.65 (0.75) | 4.63 | 0.03 | |
| (21) Loss of interest in sex | 0.58 (0.81) | 1.16 | 0.27 | 0.49 | 0.58 (0.83) | 0.58 (0.79) | 16.77*** | 0.06*** | 0.59 (0.81) | 0.56 (0.81) | 6.04 | 0.04 | |
| BDI-II total | 10.12 (9.20) | 1.14 | 1.25 | 10.01 (9.04) | 10.23 (9.40) | −0.81 | −0.02 | 9.84 (8.99) | 10.52 (9.49) | −2.46* | −0.07 | ||
BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; M, mean; SK, skewness; KU, Kurtosis; SD, standard deviation; r(I − t), item-total correlation coefficient; χ2/T, Chi-square test for response options across gender or school location and T-test for the total scores between gender or school location. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.