Table 1.
Sterol biosynthesis enzymes identified in different plant species.
| Function | Species | Name | Steps* | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Squalene epoxidase | Arabidopsis thaliana | SQE1 | 1 | Rasbery et al., 2007; Pose et al., 2009 |
| Tripterygium wilfordii | TwSQE6/7 | 1 | Liu et al., 2020a | |
| Taraxacum koksaghyz | TkSQE1 | 1 | Unland et al., 2018 | |
| Cycloartenol synthase | Arabidopsis thaliana | CAS1 | 2 | Corey et al., 1993; Babiychuk et al., 2008 |
| Nicotiana tabacum | NtCAS1 | 2 | Gas-Pascual et al., 2014 | |
| Sterol methyltransferase | Arabidopsis thaliana | AtSMT1/CPH/ORC | 3 | Diener et al., 2000; Schrick et al., 2002; Willemsen et al., 2003 |
| CVP1/SMT2/3 | 13 | Husselstein et al., 1996; Bouvier-Navé et al., 1997; Schaller et al., 1998; Carland et al., 1999; Schaeffer et al., 2001; Carland et al., 2002; Carland et al., 2010 | ||
| Glycine max | SMT1 | 3 | Shi et al., 1996 | |
| Nicotiana tabacum | NtSMT1 | 3 | Holmberg et al., 2002 | |
| Tripterygium wilfordii | TwSMT1 | 3 | Guan et al., 2017 | |
| Gossypium hirsuturm | GhSMT2-1/2-2 | 3 | Luo et al., 2008 | |
| Sterol 4α-methyl oxidase | Arabidopsis thaliana | SMO1 | 4 | Darnet et al., 2001; Darnet and Rahier, 2004; Song et al., 2019 |
| SMO2 | 9/14 | Zhang et al., 2016 | ||
| Cyclopropyl sterol isomerase | Arabidopsis thaliana | CPI1 | 5 | Lovato et al., 2000; Men et al., 2008 |
| 14α‐demethylase | Arabidopsis thaliana | CYP51A2 | 6 | Kushiro et al., 2001; Kim et al., 2005a |
| Oryza sativa | OsCYP51G3 | 6 | Xia et al., 2015 | |
| Sorghum bicolor | CYP51 | 6 | Kahn et al., 1996; Bak et al., 1997 | |
| Triticum aestivum | CYP51 | 6 | Cabello-Hurtado et al., 1999 | |
| Nicotiana benthamiana | CYP51 | 6 | Burger et al., 2003 | |
| C14 reductase | Arabidopsis thaliana | FK/HYD2/ELL1 | 7 | Jang et al., 2000; Schrick et al., 2000; Souter et al., 2002 |
| Δ8-Δ7 sterol isomerase | Arabidopsis thaliana | HYD1 | 8 | Souter et al., 2002 |
| C5 desaturase | Arabidopsis thaliana | DWF7/STE1/BUL1 | 10/15 | Gachotte et al., 1995; Choe et al., 1999b; Catterou et al., 2001a; Catterou et al., 2001b |
| C7 reductase | Arabidopsis thaliana | DWF5 | 11/16 | Choe et al., 2000 |
| Δ24 isomerase/reductase | Arabidopsis thaliana | DWF1/CBB1/DIM | 12/17 | Takahashi et al., 1995; Kauschmann et al., 1996; Klahre et al., 1998; Choe et al., 1999a |
| Oryza sativa | BRD2/LTBSG1/LHDD10 | 12/17 | Hong et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2016; Qin et al., 2018 | |
| Pyrus ussuriensis | PcDWF1 | 12/17 | Zheng et al., 2020 | |
| Hordeum vulgare | HvDIM | 12/17 | Dockter et al., 2014 | |
| Zea mays | NA2 | 12/17 | Best et al., 2016 |
*Step numbers correspond to the description in the text and Figure 1.