Figure 1.

Genetic alterations regulate amino acid metabolism reprogramming in PDAC. The expression of amino acid metabolism intermediates including rate-limiting enzymes and transporters is associated with distinct genetic alterations such as KRAS, MYC, p53 as well as other genetic mutations and signaling regulators. Moreover, both wild-type p53 and mutant p53 contribute to the cellular adaptions to amino acids deprivation. Red upward arrowheads next to the amino acids metabolism enzymes and transporters represent upregulating expression in pancreatic cancer tissues (The expression of GLUD is atypical and AA⁰ means neutral amino acids).