Table 1.
Amino acids regulate pancreatic cancer growth.
| Amino acids | Crucial enzymes/transporters | Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glutamine | GLUL | Promoting cell proliferation and tumor growth | (84) |
| GLS | Promoting cell growth and proliferation | (29, 65) | |
| Facilitating cell proliferation and invasion | (30) | ||
| GOT1 | Supporting cell growth | (85) | |
| Supporting cell and tumor growth | (9, 86) | ||
| Promoting cell proliferation and invasion | (56, 87) | ||
| GOT2 | Sustaining cell growth and suppressing senescence | (88) | |
| Promoting cell proliferation and tumor growth | (89) | ||
| MDH1 | Supporting cell and tumor growth | (9) | |
| Promoting cell proliferation | (19) | ||
| ME1 | Supporting cell and tumor growth | (9) | |
| SLC1A5 variant | Supporting cell and tumor growth | (57) | |
| Branched-chain amino acids | BCAT2 | Enhancing cell proliferation and migration; Promoting PanIN formation and tumor growth | (23) |
| BCAT2 and BCKDHA | Promoting cell proliferation and tumor growth | (90) | |
| Proline | POX | Promoting cell proliferation and tumor growth | (66) |
| Cystine/cysteine | SLC7A11 | Supporting cell growth | (91) |
| Supporting cell and tumor growth; averting ferroptosis | (92, 93) | ||
| Alanine | GPT1/2 | Promoting cell proliferation and tumor growth | (11) |
| Arginine | ARG2 | Supporting tumor growth | (94) |
| GABA | GABRP | Stimulating cell proliferation | (95) |