Table 1.
Non-exhaustive overview of mechanistic modeling work of transdermal drug delivery over the past decade (ordered chronologically).
| Author | Model | Drug | Skin layers | Physics | Model | Scale | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2D/3D(dimensions H x W) | Type | Reservoir | Diffusion(driv. force) | Partitioning | Binding | Metabolization in skin | Blood flow | ||||
| (Rim et al., 2005) | 2D axisym. (101.6 µm x 9.25 mm) |
Fentanyl, lauryl pyroglutamate | Finite | Ep | x (conc.) | x | – | – | – | FEM | Macroscale |
| (Rim et al., 2008) | 2D/3D (950 nm x 40 µm) |
Range of drugs | Infinite | Sc | x (pot.) | x | – | – | – | FEM | Mesoscale (unit cell, brick-mortar structure) |
| (Rim et al., 2009) | 2D axisym. (170 µm x 12 mm) | Fentanyl, oleic acid | Finite | sc, vep | x (conc.) | x | – | – | – | MD, FEM | Multiscale: molecular, mesoscopic, macroscopic |
| (Naegel et al., 2008) | 2D (1,516 µm x 30 µm) |
Flufenamic acid, caffeine | Infinite | sc, vep+dm | x (conc.) | x | – | – | – | FVM | Mesoscale (brick-mortar structure)/macroscale |
| (Naegel et al., 2009) | 2D/3D (11 µm x 30 µm) |
Range of drugs | Infinite | Sc | x (conc.) | x | – | – | – | FVM | Mesoscale (brick-mortar structure) |
| (Naegel et al., 2011) | 2D (3,118 µm x 30 µm) |
Flufenamic acid, caffeine | Finite, infinite | sc, vep+dm | x (conc.) | x | – | – | – | FVM | Mesoscale (brick-mortar structure)/macroscale |
| (Selzer et al., 2013) | 2D (3,118 µm x 12.5 mm) |
Flufenamic acid, caffeine |
Finite | sc, vep+dm | x (conc.) | x | – | – | – | FVM | Mesoscale (brick-mortar structure) + macroscale |
| (Selzer et al., 2015) | 1D (2,017 µm) |
Flufenamic acid | Finite, infinite | sc, vep+dm | x (conc.) | x | – | – | – | FD | Macroscale |
| (Chen et al., 2015) | 2D (5,310 µm x 41 µm) |
12 drugs | Finite | sc, vep, dm | x (conc.) | x | x | – | – | FD | Mesoscale (brick-mortar structure)/macroscale |
| (Kreienbuehl et al., 2015) | 3D (11 µm x 30 µm) |
Range of drugs | Infinite | sc | x (conc.) | – | – | – | – | FVM | Mesoscale (brick-mortar structure) |
| (Wittum et al., 2017) | 3D (~30 µm x 30 µm) |
L-glucose, hydrocortisone | Infinite | vep | x (conc.) | x | – | – | – | FEM | Mesoscale (unit cell, cellular structure) |
| (Gajula et al., 2017) | 3D (-) |
Caffeine, fentanyl, naphthol | Infinite | sc | x (conc.) | x | – | – | – | MD, FEM | Multiscale: molecular, mesoscopic (brick-mortar structure) |
Ep, epidermis (=sc+vep modeled as 1 layer); sc, stratum corneum; vep, viable epidermis (epidermis without stratum corneum); dm, dermis; conc., concentration; pot., potential; FEM, finite element method; FVM, finite volume method; FD, finite difference method; MD, molecular dynamics; x, taken into account in model; -, not taken into account in model.