Table 4.
Associations between parenting practices and children’s dietary intake and BMI z-score
| Parenting practices | Standardised regression coefficient (β)† | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fruit | Vegetables | Pastry | Sweets | Savoury snacks | Water | Sugary beverages | BMI z-score | |
| Teaching about nutrition | 0·11* | – | – | 13* | – | – | – | – |
| Emotion regulation | – | – | 0·17** | – | 0·21*** | – | – | 0·11* |
| Pressure to eat | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | –0·13* |
| Restriction of intake | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0·23*** |
| Availability | 0·16** | 0·14** | –0·18** | –0·35*** | – | 0·14* | –0·21*** | – |
| Encourage balance and variety | – | – | – | – | 0·14* | – | – | – |
| Child control over eating | – | – | – | – | 0·11* | – | 0·13* | – |
| Modelling of healthy eating | – | – | – | – | –0·26*** | 0·13* | – | – |
†
Results of the final models of backward regression analyses (only showing regression coefficients for the remaining independent variables in each model). All analyses were adjusted for children’s sex and age (in months), questionnaire completer (mother or father), and both parents’ age (in years), country of birth (Netherlands v. other), education level (low, medium, high) and BMI.
*P < 0·05, **P < 0·01, ***P < 0·001.