Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population (n = 77).
| All Patients | Non-CKD | CKD-NPD | CKD-LPD | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 77 | n = 34 | n = 27 | n = 16 | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | 63.40 ± 6.49 | 62.15 ± 6.58 | 63.48 ± 6.12 | 65.94 ± 6.52 | 0.227 |
| Male, n (%) | 38 (49.40) | 14 (41.20) | 13 (48.10) | 11 (68.80) | 0.267 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 41 (53.20) | 16 (47.10) | 15 (55.60) | 10 (62.50) | 0.477 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 60 (77.90) | 21 (61.80) | 23 (85.20) | 16 (100.00) | 0.245 |
| Body mass index | 25.82 ± 3.47 | 25.92 ± 3.82 | 26.12 ± 3.04 | 25.10 ± 3.51 | 0.271 |
| Systolic pressure, mmHg | 133.26 ± 17.14 | 130.88 ± 18.10 | 135.15 ± 13.50 | 135.13 ± 20.71 | 0.891 |
| Dietary intake (serving/day) | |||||
| Vegetable | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.182 |
| Meat | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.274 |
| Fruit | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.930 |
| Rice/noodle | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 0.661 |
| Estimated protein intake, g/day | 1.00 ± 0.35 | 1.22 ± 0.41 | 1.16 ± 0.26 | 0.65 ± 0.12 | <0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 27.82 ± 25.74 | 14.35 ± 3.81 | 30.59 ± 23.19 | 51.75 ± 36.84 | 0.057 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.81 ± 2.00 | 0.78 ± 0.23 | 2.08 ± 1.83 | 3.52 ± 2.94 | 0.065 |
| Estimated GFR, mL/min/m2 | 69.24 ± 52.15 | 99.52 ± 56.04 | 53.22 ± 36.06 | 31.95 ± 24.31 | 0.047 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.71 ± 2.07 | 13.59 ± 1.22 | 12.66 ± 1.81 | 10.94 ± 2.74 | 0.043 |
| Serum albumin, mg/dL | 4.43 ± 0.46 | 4.54 ± 0.24 | 4.53 ± 0.37 | 4.02 ± 0.68 | 0.012 |
| Serum potassium, mEq/L | 4.22 ± 0.47 | 4.06 ± 0.33 | 4.31 ± 0.37 | 4.43 ± 0.71 | 0.595 |
| Fasting sugar, mg/dL | 126.09 ± 45.79 | 119.88 ± 30.97 | 132.33 ± 52.62 | 128.75 ± 59.59 | 0.788 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 191.75 ± 37.57 | 197.35 ± 26.09 | 187.33 ± 46.46 | 187.31 ± 42.26 | 0.923 |
| hs-CRP, mg/L # | 1.62 (2.02) | 1.38 (1.82) | 1.35 (3.57) | 2.15 (1.55) | 0.479 |
| Urine protein-creatinine ratio, g/g # | 108.34 (375.72) | 77.24 (32.49) | 223.95 (819.14) | 411.85 (2639.28) | 0.471 |
| Urine output, mL/day | 2081.3 ± 668.3 | 2197.3 ± 513.9 | 2229.6 ± 685.0 | 1751.3 ± 659.2 | 0.029 |
Data are expressed in mean (SD) or median (interquartile range). Estimation of p value between LPD vs. NPD by using t-test or median test #; Abbreviation: CKD, chronic kidney disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; NPD, normal protein diet; LPD, low protein diet; hs-CRP, high sensitive C reactive protein. Estimated protein intake (g/day) = 6.25 × [Urine urea nitrogen (g/d) + 30 mg/kg/d × Weight(kg)].