Table 2.
Multivariate Predictors of Stunting and Underweight: A Comparative Analysis for Adolescent boys and girls from the 2014 Ghana Demographic Health Survey (GDHS) Data.
| Variables | Stunting | Underweight | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Girls (n = 857) | Boys (n = 870) | Pooled (n = 1727) | Girls (n = 857) | Boys (n = 870) | Pooled (n = 1727) | |||||||
| PPR | 95% C.I | PPR | 95% C.I | PPR | 95% C.I | PPR | 95% C.I | PPR | 95% C.I | PPR | 95% C.I | |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Boy | 2.58 | 1.77, 3.76 **** | 2.67 | 1.41, 5.09 *** | ||||||||
| Girl | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||
| Age | 1.42 | 1.19, 1.71 **** | ||||||||||
| Girl Menstruated in the last 6 weeks | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.23 | 0.11, 0.48 **** | 0.18 | 0.06, 0.54 *** | ||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||
| The adolescent has experienced first sex | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.38 | 0.15, 0.93 *** | 0.49 | 0.23, 1.04 * | ||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||
| Frequency of fruit intake in the past week | 0.88 | 0.76, 1.01 * | 0.75 | 0.57, 0.98 ** | ||||||||
| Frequency of vegetable intake in the past week | 1.13 | 1.01, 1.28 ** | 1.09 | 1.01, 1.17 ** | ||||||||
| Empowerment index score | 0.82 | 0.67, 0.99 ** | 0.90 | 0.81, 1.01 * | ||||||||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Akan | 1.64 | 1.10, 2.44 ** | ||||||||||
| Mole-Dagbani | 0.97 | 0.62, 1.53 | ||||||||||
| Other | Ref. | |||||||||||
| Relation of girl to the household head | ||||||||||||
| Household head | 0.91 | 0.11, 7.17 | 0.48 | 0.07, 3.52 | ||||||||
| Granddaughter/grandson | 2.12 | 1.06, 4.24 ** | 1.58 | 0.78, 3.21 | ||||||||
| Other family relation | 0.63 | 0.23, 1.74 | 0.72 | 0.33, 1.57 | ||||||||
| Non-family relation | 0.19 | 0.02, 1.46 | 0.11 | 0.02, 0.86 ** | ||||||||
| Daughter/son | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Currently married | 0.24 | 0.08, 0.79 ** | ||||||||||
| Formerly married | N/A | |||||||||||
| Never married | Ref. | |||||||||||
| The highest educational level of girl | ||||||||||||
| No education | 4.03 | 1.89, 8.60 **** | 0.65 | 0.09, 4.57 | 1.80 | 0.87, 3.70 | 0.41 | 0.05, 3.17 | 1.14 | 0.33, 3.90 | ||
| Primary school | 1.81 | 0.90, 3.64 * | 1.78 | 1.22, 2.59 *** | 1.72 | 1.21, 2.45 *** | 2.01 | 1.10, 3.66 ** | 1.82 | 1.08, 3.10 ** | ||
| Secondary education/Higher | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||
| Household size | 1.08 | 1.01, 1.17 ** | ||||||||||
| Water Hygiene and Sanitation index | 0.85 | 0.73, 0.99 ** | ||||||||||
| Household wealth index | ||||||||||||
| Poorest | 3.36 | 1.15, 9.81 ** | 1.90 | 0.86, 4.22 | ||||||||
| Poorer | 5.28 | 1.93, 14.43 **** | 3.16 | 1.39, 7.19 *** | ||||||||
| Middle | 4.17 | 1.48, 11.77 *** | 2.21 | 0.98, 4.95 * | ||||||||
| Richer | 2.42 | 0.85, 6.91 * | 1.45 | 0.62, 3.38 | ||||||||
| Richest | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||
| Model fit statistics | ||||||||||||
| Wald test | 28.45 **** | 5.27 **** | 7.37 **** | 8.70 **** | 3.90 *** | 212.08 **** | ||||||
| -2 Log-likelihood ratio | 213.09 | 510.81 | 824.31 | 54.10 | 192.83 | 277.25 | ||||||
| AIC | 231.09 | 528.81 | 842.31 | 58.10 | 208.83 | 295.25 | ||||||
PPR, prevalence risk ratio; 95% C.I, 95% confidence interval; Ref, Reference group; * p ≤ 0.1; ** p ≤ 0.05; *** p ≤ 0.01; **** p ≤ 0.001; N/A unreliable estimate as none of the formerly married was stunted. AIC, Akaike information criteria.