Table 2.
Association between depressive symptoms and dietary fiber intake (KNHANES 2016).
| Crude | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Depressive Symptom | Normal | Mild | Moderate to Severe | Normal | Mild | Moderate to Severe | Normal | Mild | Moderate to Severe |
| Crude fiber (g/d) | |||||||||
| Q1 (<3.72) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 (3.72 to <5.16) | Reference | 0.80 (0.58–1.08) |
0.37 (0.22–0.62) |
Reference | 0.83 (0.60–1.13) |
0.38 (0.222–0.634) |
Reference | 0.72 (0.49–1.08) |
0.47 (0.22–0.97) |
| Q3 (5.16 to <6.85) | Reference | 0.73 (0.54–1.01) |
0.45 (0.28–0.74) |
Reference | 0.80 (0.59–1.11) |
0.48 (0.29–0.78) |
Reference | 0.63 (0.36–1.10) |
0.77 (0.29–2.07) |
| Q4 (≥6.85) | Reference | 0.70 (0.51–0.96) |
0.43 (0.26–0.71) |
Reference | 0.78 (0.56–1.07) |
0.45 (0.27–0.74) |
Reference | 0.52 (0.21–1.29) |
0.74 (0.15–3.65) |
| Cereal fiber (g/d) | |||||||||
| Q1 (<3.31) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 (3.31 to <4.59) | Reference | 0.93 (0.68–1.28) |
0.63 (0.38–1.03) |
Reference | 0.94 (0.68–1.29) |
0.64 (0.39–1.05) |
Reference | 0.80 (0.56–1.14) |
0.63 (0.35–1.15) |
| Q3 (4.59 to <6.08) | Reference | 0.99 (0.72–1.35) |
0.73 (0.45–1.17) |
Reference | 1.04 (0.76–1.43) |
0.77 (0.48–1.24) |
Reference | 0.85 (0.58–1.24) |
0.80 (0.42–1.51) |
| Q4 (≥6.08) | Reference | 0.84 (0.61–1.16) |
0.46 (0.27–0.78) * |
Reference | 0.86 (0.62–1.19) |
0.48 (0.28–0.82) * |
Reference | 0.63 (0.39–0.99) |
0.51 (0.23–1.15) |
| Vegetable fiber (g/d) | |||||||||
| Q1 (<3.48) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 (3.48 to <5.05) | Reference | 0.86 (0.63–1.18) |
0.46 (0.28–0.75) |
Reference | 0.89 (0.65–1.22) |
0.47 (0.284–0.767) |
Reference | 0.81 (0.57–1.14) |
0.50 (0.28–0.91) |
| Q3 (5.05 to <7.03) | Reference | 0.90 (0.66–1.23) |
0.42 (0.25–0.70) |
Reference | 1.00 (0.72–1.35) |
0.45 (0.27–0.75) |
Reference | 0.47 (0.59–1.24) |
0.63 (0.24–0.90) |
| Q4 (≥7.03) | Reference | 0.66 (0.48–0.92) * |
0.44 (0.27–0.72) |
Reference | 0.74 (0.53–1.03) |
0.47 (0.29–0.78) |
Reference | 0.63 (0.40–1.01) |
0.62 (0.28–1.36) |
| Fruit fiber (g/d) | |||||||||
| Q1 (<0.80) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 (0.80 to <1.84) | Reference | 0.90 (0.65–1.23) |
0.44 (0.27–0.72) |
Reference | 0.85 (0.62–1.16) |
0.41 (0.25–0.68) |
Reference | 0.97 (0.69–1.37) |
0.73 (0.41–1.30) |
| Q3 (1.84 to <3.31) | Reference | 0.96 (0.70–1.31) |
0.30 (0.17–0.52) * |
Reference | 0.90 (0.65–1.23) |
0.27 (0.15–0.47) * |
Reference | 1.18 (0.81–1.71) |
0.63 (0.32–1.26) |
| Q4 (≥3.31) | Reference | 0.78 (0.56–1.07) |
0.51 (0.32–0.81) |
Reference | 0.72 (0.51–1.00) |
0.44 (0.20–0.71) |
Reference | 1.09 (0.70–1.70) |
1.52 (0.74–3.13) |
| Seaweed fiber (g/d) | |||||||||
| Q1 (<0.31) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 (0.31 to <0.61) | Reference | 1.29 (0.93–1.77) |
0.41 (0.24–0.69) |
Reference | 1.23 (0.93–1.77) |
0.39 (0.23–0.67) |
Reference | 1.36 (0.96–1.91) |
0.48 (0.26–0.87) |
| Q3 (0.61 to <1.02) | Reference | 0.97 (0.69–1.35) |
0.64 (0.41–1.01) |
Reference | 0.99 (0.72–1.39) |
0.63 (0.40–0.99) |
Reference | 1.04 (0.72–1.51) |
0.80 (0.46–1.39) |
| Q4 (≥1.02) | Reference | 1.22 (0.89–1.69) |
0.34 (0.20–0.60) * |
Reference | 1.24 (0.89–1.71) |
0.33 (0.19–0.58) * |
Reference | 1.22 (0.84–1.76) |
0.38 (0.20–0.72) * |
| Mushroom fiber (g/d) | |||||||||
| Q1 (<0.03) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 (0.03 to <0.08) | Reference | 0.90 (0.64–1.25) |
0.47 (0.30–0.74) |
Reference | 0.83 (0.59–1.16) |
0.44 (0.276–0.690) |
Reference | 0.77 (0.54–1.10) |
0.50 (0.26–0.76) |
| Q3 (0.08 to <0.14) | Reference | 1.13 (0.83–1.56) |
0.28 (0.16–0.48) |
Reference | 1.05 (0.76–1.45) |
0.26 (0.15–0.45) * |
Reference | 1.02 (0.71–1.46) |
0.25 (0.13–0.48) |
| Q4 (≥0.14) | Reference | 1.04 (0.75–1.43) |
0.21 (0.12–0.39) * |
Reference | 0.95 (0.69–1.32) |
0.20 (0.11–0.36) * |
Reference | 0.90 (0.61–1.32) |
0.18 (0.01–0.37) * |
KNHANES, Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. * p < 0.05. Model 1: adjusted for age and sex; Model 2: adjusted for variables in model 1 plus economic status, education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, subjective health status, BMI, and total energy intake.