. 2020 Oct 12;174(12):1168–1175. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3231

Table 3. Associations Between Labor Epidural Analgesia Use at Delivery and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Offspring.

Exposure	Excluding preterm birth (<37 wk)^a		Excluding children with birth defects^b
Exposure	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value
Labor epidural analgesia
No	1 [Reference]	Not applicable	1 [Reference]	Not applicable
Yes	1.40 (1.25-1.57)	<.001	1.46 (1.29-1.65)	<.001

^{^a}

There were 8805 children excluded owing to a gestational age of less than 37 weeks. Adjustments were made for birth year, maternal age at delivery, parity, race/ethnicity, educational level, household income, history of comorbidity, diabetes during pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy, preeclampsia or eclampsia, prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, gestational age at delivery, birth weight, and medical center.

^{^b}

There were 18 606 children excluded owing to the presence of birth defects at birth. Adjustments were made for birth year, maternal age at delivery, parity, race/ethnicity, educational level, household income, history of comorbidity, diabetes during pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy, preeclampsia or eclampsia, prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, gestational age at delivery, birth weight, and medical center.