Table 1.
General characteristics of study population based on sodium intake and according to prevalence of hypertension.
| Characteristics | Sodium Intake | p 1,† | p 2,† | p 3,† | Sodium Intake <2 g/Day | Sodium Intake ≥2 g/Day | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <2 g/Day (n = 24,415) |
≥2 g/Day (n = 32,944) |
Without HTN (n = 17,869) |
With HTN (n = 6546) |
p † | Without HTN (n = 24,245) |
With HTN (n = 8699) |
p † | ||||
| Age (years,) | 54.05 ± 7.90 | 53.58 ± 8.07 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.002 | 52.70 ± 7.70 | 57.73 ± 7.25 | <0.0001 | 52.23 ± 7.85 | 57.36 ± 7.44 | <0.0001 |
| Sex (male, %) | 7453 (30.5) | 12,348 (37.5) | <0.0001 ‡ | <0.0001 ‡ | <0.0001 ‡ | 4929 (27.6) | 2524 (38.6) | <0.0001 ‡ | 8264 (34.1) | 4084 (46.9) | <0.0001 ‡ |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.02 ± 46.63 | 24.20 ± 34.68 | 0.606 | 0.743 | <0.0001 | 23.29 ± 2.70 | 24.91 ± 2.92 | <0.0001 | 23.59 ± 2.74 | 25.17 ± 2.95 | <0.0001 |
| WC (cm,) | 80.08 ± 8.54 | 81.26 ± 8.65 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 78.72 ± 8.23 | 83.78 ± 8.29 | <0.0001 | 79.93 ± 8.35 | 84.97 ± 8.40 | <0.0001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 122.14 ± 14.80 | 122.57 ± 14.73 | 0.001 | <0.0001 | 0.042 | 117.57 ± 11.73 | 134.62 ± 15.12 | <0.0001 | 118.07 ± 11.65 | 135.12 ± 15.14 | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.44 ± 9.71 | 75.94 ± 9.72 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.001 | 72.89 ± 8.18 | 82.43 ± 10.11 | <0.0001 | 73.42 ± 8.21 | 82.96 ± 10.15 | <0.0001 |
| HR (bpm) | 69.30 ± 9.28 | 69.06 ± 9.00 | 0.002 | 0.012 | 0.09 | 68.94 ± 8.93 | 70.27 ± 10.11 | <0.0001 | 68.73 ± 8.70 | 70.00 ± 9.74 | <0.0001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 197.19 ± 36.00 | 197.50 ± 35.45 | 0.307 | 0.424 | 0.558 | 197.88 ± 35.46 | 195.33 ± 37.35 | <0.0001 | 198.16 ± 35.11 | 195.68 ± 36.30 | <0.0001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 122.06 ± 83.51 | 127.35 ± 87.03 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0001 | 115.17 ± 77.32 | 140.86 ± 95.93 | <0.0001 | 120.52 ± 82.17 | 146.35 ± 96.79 | <0.0001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 54.23 ± 13.30 | 53.43 ± 13.04 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 55.05 ± 13.34 | 52.00 ± 12.91 | <0.0001 | 54.23 ± 13.14 | 51.19 ± 12.49 | <0.0001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 119.14 ± 32.36 | 119.40 ± 31.98 | 0.344 | 0.531 | 0.52 | 120.28 ± 31.72 | 116.00 ± 33.89 | <0.0001 | 120.48 ± 31.46 | 116.36 ± 33.21 | <0.0001 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.14 ± 0.45 | 0.14 ± 0.34 | 0.333 | 0.432 | 0.639 | 0.13 ± 0.46 | 0.17 ± 0.41 | <0.0001 | 0.13 ± 0.34 | 0.16 ± 0.34 | <0.0001 |
| Exercise status | |||||||||||
| Yes (%) | 13,103 (53.7) | 18,250 (55.4) | <0.0001 ‡ | <0.0001 ‡ | 0.441 | 9422 (52.7) | 3681 (56.2) | <0.0001 ‡ | 13,304 (54.9) | 4946 (56.9) | <0.0001 ‡ |
| No (%) | 11,312 (46.3) | 14,694 (44.6) | 8447 (47.3) | 2865 (43.8) | 10,941 (45.1) | 3753 (43.1) | |||||
| Smoking status | |||||||||||
| Non-smokers (%) | 18,638 (76.3) | 23,386 (71.0) | <0.0001 ‡ | <0.0001 ‡ | <0.0001 ‡ | 13,957 (78.1) | 4681 (71.5) | <0.0001 ‡ | 17,779 (73.3) | 5607 (64.5) | <0.0001 ‡ |
| Ex-smokers (%) | 3484 (14.3) | 5586 (17.0) | 2235 (12.5) | 1249 (19.1) | 3562 (14.7) | 2024 (23.3) | |||||
| Current smokers (%) | 2293 (9.4) | 3972 (12.1) | 1677 (9.4) | 616 (9.4) | 2904 (12.0) | 1068 (12.3) | |||||
| Drinking status | |||||||||||
| Non-drinker (%) | 13,411 (54.9) | 16,369 (49.7) | <0.0001 ‡ | <0.0001 ‡ | <0.0001 ‡ | 9880 (55.3) | 3531 (53.9) | <0.0001 ‡ | 12,333 (50.9) | 4036 (46.4) | <0.0001 ‡ |
| Ex-drinker (%) | 921 (3.8) | 1212 (3.7) | 605 (3.4) | 316 (4.8) | 767 (3.2) | 445 (5.1) | |||||
| Current drinker (%) | 10083 (41.3) | 15363 (46.6) | 7384 (41.3) | 2699 (41.2) | 11145 (46.0) | 4218 (48.5) | |||||
| Total intake energy (kcal/day) | 1498.32 ± 394.32 | 1923.57 ± 577.56 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 1502.56 ± 397.52 | 1486.77 ± 385.27 | 0.0056 | 1938.06 ± 588.37 | 1883.05 ± 544.22 | <0.0001 |
| Sugar (g/day) | 275.09 ± 74.34 | 335.71 ± 92.28 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 274.83 ± 74.99 | 275.80 ± 72.54 | 0.3667 | 337.21 ± 93.79 | 331.51 ± 87.81 | <0.0001 |
| Fat (g/day) | 21.03 ± 10.72 | 32.85 ± 19.94 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 21.54 ± 10.94 | 19.62 ± 9.96 | <0.0001 | 33.57 ± 20.32 | 30.81 ± 18.71 | <0.0001 |
| Protein (g/day) | 46.51 ± 14.39 | 68.25 ± 27.58 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 46.83 ± 14.50 | 45.64 ± 14.03 | <0.0001 | 68.90 ± 28.03 | 66.45 ± 26.22 | <0.0001 |
| Sugar ratio | 73.48 ± 6.45 | 70.41 ± 7.05 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 12.53 ± 2.23 | 12.32 ± 2.12 | <0.0001 | 14.12 ± 2.55 | 14.02 ± 2.69 | <0.0001 |
| Fat ratio | 5.58 ± 2.28 | 6.60 ± 2.40 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 5.71 ± 2.32 | 5.24 ± 2.12 | <0.0001 | 6.70 ± 2.39 | 6.32 ± 2.40 | <0.0001 |
| Protein ratio | 12.47 ± 2.20 | 14.09 ± 2.59 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 73.19 ± 6.57 | 74.28 ± 6.05 | <0.0001 | 70.20 ± 7.01 | 71.01 ± 7.12 | <0.0001 |
| Na (mg/day) | 1323.39 ± 435.98 | 3254.94 ± 1251.19 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 1328.30 ± 433.08 | 1310.05 ± 443.58 | 0.0038 | 3258.11 ± 1258.90 | 3245.85 ± 1229.30 | 0.4329 |
| K (mg/day) | 1591.80 ± 561.36 | 2694.00 ± 1046.87 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 1607.78 ± 564.81 | 1548.20 ± 549.57 | <0.0001 | 2719.81 ± 1069.77 | 2621.77 ± 976.41 | <0.0001 |
| Na/K ratio | 0.87 ± 0.28 | 1.26 ± 0.34 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.86 ± 0.28 | 0.88 ± 0.29 | <0.0001 | 1.25 ± 0.34 | 1.29 ± 0.35 | <0.0001 |
Data are presented either as mean ± standard deviation or as numbers (percentage). p values are calculated by two-tail Student’s t-test † or Chi-squared test ‡. 1 The p-value comparing the baseline characteristic between the sodium intake <2 g/day group and the sodium intake ≥2 g/day group, among all participants.2 The p-value comparing the baseline characteristic between the sodium intake <2 g/day group and sodium intake ≥2 g/day group, among participants without HTN. 3 The p-value comparing the baseline characteristic between the sodium intake <2 g/day group and sodium intake ≥2 g/day group, among participants with HTN. Sugar intake ratio = total sugar (gram) × 4 kcal/total energy intake (kcal) × 100; protein intake ratio = protein (gram) × 4 kcal/total energy intake (kcal) × 100; fat intake ratio (gram) × 9 kcal/total energy intake (kcal) × 100. BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP, C-reactive protein. HTN, hypertension.