Table 1. Characteristics of Adults With Valid Serum Creatinine Measurements Receiving Care at Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2001-2018.
| Characteristic | Adults, No. (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001-2003 (n = 983 122) | 2004-2006 (n = 1 241 537) | 2007-2009 (n = 1 411 690) | 2010-2012 (n = 1 482 883) | 2013-2015 (n = 1 607 737) | 2016-2018 (n = 1 844 317) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 55.4 (16.3) | 54.7 (16.3) | 54.2 (16.3) | 54.6 (16.4) | 54.9 (16.7) | 54.7 (16.9) |
| Age categories, y | ||||||
| 18-40 | 179 731 (18.3) | 240 543 (19.4) | 286 716 (20.3) | 295 446 (19.9) | 328 504 (20.4) | 399 867 (21.7) |
| 41-60 | 416 351 (42.3) | 539 286 (43.4) | 615 565 (43.6) | 622 535 (42.0) | 638 647 (39.7) | 705 825 (38.3) |
| 61-75 | 259 110 (26.4) | 310 287 (25.0) | 346 504 (24.5) | 390 589 (26.3) | 447 649 (27.8) | 524 846 (28.5) |
| >75 | 127 930 (13.0) | 151 421 (12.2) | 162 905 (11.5) | 174 313 (11.8) | 192 937 (12.0) | 213 779 (11.6) |
| Women | 540 490 (55.0) | 682 077 (54.9) | 773 307 (54.8) | 817 276 (55.1) | 883 892 (55.0) | 1 007 674 (54.6) |
| Self-reported race | ||||||
| White | 573 225 (58.3) | 697 084 (56.1) | 769 082 (54.5) | 797 395 (53.8) | 850 849 (52.9) | 927 541 (50.3) |
| Black/African American | 79 894 (8.1) | 94 415 (7.6) | 103 164 (7.3) | 108 548 (7.3) | 115 687 (7.2) | 129 088 (7.0) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 121 761 (12.4) | 173 116 (13.9) | 221 400 (15.7) | 257 561 (17.4) | 299 665 (18.6) | 370 711 (20.1) |
| Other/unknown | 208 242 (21.2) | 276 922 (22.3) | 318 044 (22.5) | 319 379 (21.5) | 341 536 (21.2) | 416 977 (22.6) |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 129 213 (13.1) | 178 716 (14.4) | 222 922 (15.8) | 238 701 (16.1) | 269 953 (16.8) | 334 194 (18.1) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Current | 103 728 (10.6) | 169 502 (13.7) | 156 589 (11.1) | 134 965 (9.1) | 134 051 (8.3) | 140 041 (7.6) |
| Former | 13 477 (1.4) | 48 476 (3.9) | 243 301 (17.2) | 352 580 (23.8) | 403 922 (25.1) | 457 932 (24.8) |
| CKD-EPI eGFR, mean (SD), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 85.3 (21.5) | 86.0 (21.4) | 85.1 (21.3) | 88.2 (21.2) | 87.5 (21.0) | 88.6 (21.2) |
| CKD-EPI eGFR category, mL/min/1.73 m2 | ||||||
| 60-150 | 863 987 (87.88) | 1 098 418 (88.5) | 1 240 252 (87.9) | 1 336 995 (90.2) | 1 447 191 (90.0) | 1 672 049 (90.7) |
| 30-59 | 110 721 (11.3) | 133 503 (10.8) | 160 126 (11.3) | 135 829 (9.2) | 150 083 (9.3) | 161 204 (8.7) |
| 25-29 | 3865 (0.39) | 4507 (0.36) | 5654 (0.40) | 4927 (0.33) | 5055 (0.31) | 5255 (0.28) |
| 20-24 | 2260 (0.23) | 2684 (0.22) | 3035 (0.21) | 2755 (0.19) | 2855 (0.18) | 2990 (0.16) |
| 18-19 | 604 (0.06) | 709 (0.06) | 782 (0.06) | 720 (0.05) | 713 (0.04) | 809 (0.04) |
| 16-17 | 468 (0.05) | 536 (0.04) | 610 (0.04) | 536 (0.04) | 607 (0.04) | 649 (0.04) |
| 14-15 | 369 (0.04) | 408 (0.03) | 444 (0.03) | 427 (0.03) | 438 (0.03) | 496 (0.03) |
| 10-13 | 553 (0.06) | 515 (0.04) | 563 (0.04) | 490 (0.03) | 542 (0.03) | 611 (0.03) |
| 6-9 | 264 (0.03) | 220 (0.02) | 201 (0.01) | 178 (0.01) | 220 (0.01) | 222 (0.01) |
| 0-5 | 31 (0.00) | 37 (0.00) | 23 (0.00) | 26 (0.00) | 33 (0.00) | 32 (0.00) |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Acute myocardial infarction | 14 415 (1.5) | 16 256 (1.3) | 16 703 (1.2) | 14 693 (1.0) | 12 878 (0.8) | 11 974 (0.6) |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 24 511 (2.5) | 33 494 (2.7) | 40 430 (2.9) | 47 405 (3.2) | 56 902 (3.5) | 66 575 (3.6) |
| Ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack | 14 146 (1.4) | 16 883 (1.4) | 16 211 (1.1) | 14 892 (1.0) | 16 176 (1.0) | 23 080 (1.3) |
| Heart failure | 19 853 (2.0) | 24 918 (2.0) | 30 433 (2.2) | 31 475 (2.1) | 31 440 (2.0) | 34 018 (1.8) |
| Mitral or aortic valvular disease | 15 789 (1.6) | 25 266 (2.0) | 31 274 (2.2) | 30 817 (2.1) | 31 171 (1.9) | 36 021 (2.0) |
| Venous thromboembolism | 4656 (0.5) | 5377 (0.4) | 6118 (0.4) | 6822 (0.5) | 8927 (0.6) | 13 127 (0.7) |
| Diabetes | 146 298 (14.9) | 185 806 (15.0) | 219 498 (15.5) | 237 431 (16.0) | 262 638 (16.3) | 312 960 (17.0) |
| Hypertension | 307 243 (31.3) | 446 279 (35.9) | 544 853 (38.6) | 588 694 (39.7) | 614 317 (38.2) | 660 973 (35.8) |
| Dyslipidemia | 321 948 (32.7) | 516 220 (41.6) | 644 239 (45.6) | 706 601 (47.7) | 774 987 (48.2) | 857 073 (46.5) |
| Hyperthyroidism | 26 761 (2.7) | 36 463 (2.9) | 40 837 (2.9) | 42 933 (2.9) | 47 680 (3.0) | 56 325 (3.1) |
| Hypothyroidism | 101 838 (10.4) | 127 484 (10.3) | 144 472 (10.2) | 156 335 (10.5) | 172 232 (10.7) | 195 849 (10.6) |
| Chronic liver disease | 17 136 (1.7) | 29 510 (2.4) | 39 983 (2.8) | 47 458 (3.2) | 55 878 (3.5) | 76 039 (4.1) |
| Chronic lung disease | 273 959 (27.9) | 238 618 (19.2) | 268 455 (19.0) | 320 192 (21.6) | 334 295 (20.8) | 359 858 (19.5) |
| Diagnosed dementia | 11 718 (1.2) | 16 908 (1.4) | 23 404 (1.7) | 25 442 (1.7) | 28 665 (1.8) | 31 160 (1.7) |
| Diagnosed depression | 108 859 (11.1) | 159 655 (12.9) | 190 748 (13.5) | 201 285 (13.6) | 200 943 (12.5) | 218 521 (11.8) |
Abbreviations: CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.