Table A8.
Data extraction included animal and human studies on gestational weight gain.
| Author (Year) | Species (Strain or Country) | Animal Model | Pregnancy Complication | Mean Maternal Weight (kg)(kg) | Dietary Protein Intake (%) | Supplementation Scheme a; Intervention Type b | Supplementation Duration (GD) | Daily Dose (g/kg Body wt) | Measurement Day (GD) | AA Gestational Weight Gain (g) | n | CON Gestational Weight Gain (g) | n |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arginine | |||||||||||||
| Greene (2011) [33] | Mouse (FNVB/N × vegfr2-luc) | Control | Normal | 0.03 | 24 | C; T c | 1–18 | 2.660 d | 12–18 | 7 ± 1 | 6 | 6 ± 1 | 5 |
| Bourdon (2016) [44] | Rat (SD) | Protein restriction | FGR | 0.29 | 4 | C; T c | 7–21 | 1.500 | 7–21 | 42 ± 17 | 9 | 42.5 ± 17 | 9 |
| Bursztyn (2003) [45] | Rat (Wistar) | Hyper-insulinemia | FGR/PIH | 0.24 | NA | C; T | 11-P0 | 0.217 | 0–22 | 88 ± 40 | 5 | 69 ± 35 | 5 |
| Chin (1991) [46] | Rat (Fisher F344/NTacfBR) | Control | Normal | 0.17 | NA | C; P c | 1-P0 | 0.159 | 1-P0 | 18 ± 41 | 4 | 23 ± 41 | 4 |
| Podjarny (1993) [90] | Rat (Wistar) | Control | Normal | 0.23 | 20 | C; T | 12–22 | 0.322 | 0–22 | 151 ± 25 | 10 | 161 ± 43 | 10 |
| Adriamycin nephropathy | Risk | 0.23 | 20 | C; T | 12–22 | 0.322 | 0–22 | 72 ± 23 | 10 | 76 ± 22 | 10 | ||
| Podjarny (2001a) [49] | Rat (Wistar) | Hyper-insulinemia | PIH | 0.24 | 20 | C; P | 11–22 | 0.220 | 0–22 | 78 ± 7 | 15 | 66 ± 8 | 20 |
| Podjarny (2001b) [91] | Rat (Wistar) | Control | Normal | 0.23 | 20 | C; P | 11–22 | 0.260 | 0–22 | 83 ± 11 | 4 | 86 ± 7 | 4 |
| L-NAME | FGR/PE | 0.23 | 20 | C; T | 11–22 | 0.260 | 0–22 | 78 ± 15 | 8 | 64 ± 15 | 8 | ||
| Vosatka (1998) [36] | Rat (Wistar) | Hypobaric hypoxia | FGR | 0.25 | 4 g/day | C; P | 9–21 | 2.000 d | 9–21 | 59 ± 10 | 7 | 39 ± 10 | 10 |
| Zeng (2008) [37] | Rat (SD) | Control | Normal | 0.23 | 22 | C; P c | 0-P0 | 0.216 | 1–21 | 85 ± 22 | 12 | 79 ± 23 | 12 |
| 1–7 | 0.216 | 1–21 | 75 ± 16 | 20 | 68 ± 17 | 20 | |||||||
| Peine (2018) [53] | Sheep (Rambouillet-cross) | Diet restricted | FGR | 68 | 16 | C; P | 54-P0 | 0.18 | 54–152 | −7760 ± 2388 | 10 | −7230 ± 2504 | 11 |
| Sun (2017) [54] | Sheep (Hu) | Diet restricted twin bearing | FGR | 40 | NA | C; P | 35–110 | 0.250 | 35–110 | 2600 ± 489 | 8 | 2600 ± 369 | 8 |
| Sun (2018) [55] | Sheep (Hu) | Diet restricted twin bearing | FGR | 40 | 10–14 | C; T | 35–110 | 0.249 | 1–110 | 4494 ± 3225 | 8 | 3983 ± 2518 | 8 |
| Bérard (2010) [59] | Pig (Swiss Large White) | Control | Normal | 159 | NA | C; P | 14–28 | 0.160 | 0–75 | 54,300 ± 9648 | 10 | 48,700 ± 9648 | 7 |
| Bass (2017) [58] | Pig (GPK-35) | Control | Normal | 180 | 19 | C; P c | 93-P0 | 0.150 | 93–110 | 14,400 ± 6580 | 49 | 12,000 ± 6443 | 48 |
| Nulliparous | Normal | 165 | 12 | C; P c | 81–116 | 0.170 | 93–110 | 15,000 ± 6103 | 19 | 12,700 ± 64,416 | 21 | ||
| Primiparous | Normal | 165 | 12 | C; P c | 81–116 | 0.170 | 93–110 | 17,400 ± 5889 | 12 | 11,800 ± 6129 | 13 | ||
| Multiparous | Normal | 165 | 12 | C; P c | 81–116 | 0.170 | 93–110 | 11,500 ± 5940 | 18 | 12,700 ± 5613 | 14 | ||
| Dallanora (2017) [69] | Pig (Landrace × Large white) | Control | Normal | 148 | 17 | C; P | 25–112 | 0.115 | 80–112 | 22,900 ± 32,446 | 51 | 20,300 ± 32,446 | 51 |
| Li (2010) [74] | Pig (Yorkshire × Landrace) | Control | Normal | 113 | 12 | C; P c | 0–25 | 0.070 | 0–25 | 4900 ± 15,973 | 9 | 7000 ± 15,973 | 9 |
| 0–25 | 0.140 | 0–25 | 2700 ± 15,973 | 8 | 2700 ± 15,973 | 9 | |||||||
| Li (2014) [75] | Pig (Yorkshire × Landrace) | Control | Normal | 115 | 12 | C; Pc | 14–25 | 0.070 | 0–25 | 1100.0 ± 65,557 | 15 | 1100 ± 6557 | 14 |
| 14–25 | 0.140 | 0–25 | 1200.0 ± 6557 | 14 | 1100 ± 6557 | 14 | |||||||
| Li (2015) [76] | Pig (Landrace) | Control | Normal | 125 | 16 | C; P c | 1–30 | 0.21 | 1-P0 | 53,920 ± 1098 | 32 | 52,100 ± 10,980 | 30 |
| 187 | 16 | C; P c | 1–30 | 0.14 | 1-P0 | 47,800 ± 10,980 | 57 | 47,430 ± 10,980 | 56 | ||||
| 196 | 16 | C; P c | 1–30 | 0.13 | 1-P0 | 46,380 ± 8964 | 37 | 45,640 ± 8964 | 37 | ||||
| Dera (2007) [95] | Human (Poland) | FGR < p10; gestational HTN | Risk | 70 | NA | I’T | Until P0 | 0.043 d | Entry-P0 | 11,630 ± 4830 | 42 | 10,070 ± 3500 | 27 |
| Citrulline | |||||||||||||
| Bourdon (2016) [44] | Rat (SD) | Protein restriction | FGR | 0.29 | 4 | C; T | 7–21 | 2.000 | 7–21 | 54 ± 16 | 9 | 43 ± 17 | 9 |
| Glutamate (NCG) | |||||||||||||
| Navarro (2005) [148] | Rat (Wistar) | Control | Normal | 0.26 | NA | C; P | 2–20 | 0.110 | 2–20 | 116 ± 21 | 11 | 132 ± 16 | 7 |
| Sun (2017) [54] | Sheep (Hu) | Diet restricted twin bearing | FGR | 40 | NA | C; P | 35–110 | 0.125 | 35–110 | 4370 ± 433 | 8 | 2550 ± 369 | 8 |
| Sun (2018) [55] | Sheep (Hu) | Diet restricted twin bearing | FGR | 40 | 10–14 | C; T | 35–110 | 0.062 | 35–110 | 4200 ± 2605 | 8 | 2600 ± 369 | 8 |
| Zhu (2015) [149] | Pig (Landrace × Yorkshire) | Control | Normal | 132 | NA | C; P | 0–28 | 0.008 | 0–28 | 21,000 ± 7483 | 7 | 16,000 ± 10,198 | 8 |
| Cai (2018) [66] | Swine (Landrace × Yorkshire) | Control | Normal | 210 | 13 | C; P | 1–8 | 0.003 | 0–28 | 7810 ± 515 | 18 | 8390 ± 515 | 18 |
| 9–28 | 0.003 | 0–28 | 8390 ± 515 | 16 | 8390 ± 515 | 18 | |||||||
| 1–28 | 0.003 | 0–28 | 9350 ± 515 | 17 | 8390 ± 515 | 18 | |||||||
| Glutamine | |||||||||||||
| Zhu (2018) [67] | Pig (Landrace × Large White) | Control | Normal | 272 | NA | C; Pc | 85–114 | 0.126 | 84–110 | 40,700 ± 39,894 | 30 | 42,800 ± 31,773 | 30 |
| Aspartatic acid | |||||||||||||
| Brunner (1978) [43] | Rat (SD) | PKU-induction | FGR | 0.22 | NA | C; T | 10–20 | 1.570 e | 10–20 | 24 ± 22 | 4 | 30 ± 8 | 4 |
| Control | Normal | 0.22 | NA | C; P | 10–20 | 1.570 e | 10–20 | 52 ± 18 | 4 | 44 ± 10 | 4 | ||
| Valine | |||||||||||||
| Brunner (1978) [43] | Rat (SD) | PKU-induction | FGR | 0.22 | NA | C; T | 10–20 | 1.570 e | 10–20 | 39 ± 11 | 3 | 30 ± 8 | 4 |
| 4.720 e | 10–20 | 16 ± 4 | 3 | 30 ± 18 | 12 | ||||||||
| Control | Normal | 0.22 | NA | C; P | 10–20 | 1.570 e | 10–20 | 50 ± 17 | 3 | 44 ± 10 | 4 | ||
| 4.720 e | 10–20 | 32 ± 2 | 3 | 55 ± 42 | 12 | ||||||||
| Matsueda (1982) [97] | Rat (SD) | Control | Normal | 0.19 | NA | C; P | 1–22 | 2.71 | 1–22 | 40 ± 16 | 5 | 26 ± 12 | 5 |
| Mori (1999) [98] | Rat (SD) | Control | Normal | 0.19 | 20 | I; P | 12–22 | 2.368 | 12–22 | 95 ± 16 | 6 | 93 ± 34 | 9 |
| Leucine | |||||||||||||
| Brunner (1978) [43] | Rat (SD) | PKU-induction | FGR | 0.22 | NA | C; T | 10–20 | 1.570 e | 10–20 | 21 ± 22 | 4 | 30 ± 8 | 4 |
| 4.720 e | 10–20 | 57 ± 6 | 3 | 29 ± 18 | 12 | ||||||||
| Control | Normal | 0.22 | NA | C; P | 10–20 | 1.570 e | 10–20 | 55 ± 28 | 4 | 44 ± 10 | 4 | ||
| 4.720 e | 10–20 | 50 ± 17 | 3 | 55 ± 42 | 12 | ||||||||
| Matsueda (1982) [97] | Rat (SD) | Control | Normal | 0.18 | NA | C; P | 1–22 | 1.500 | 1–22 | −7.0 ± 11 | 5 | −20 ± 17 | 7 |
| Mawatari (2004) [102] | Rat (SD) | Control | Normal | 0.30 | NA | I; P | 7–17 | 0.300 | 0–20 | 178 ± 31 | 19 | 158 ± 43 | 19 |
| 1.000 | 0–20 | 179 ± 32 | 20 | 160 ± 43 | 19 | ||||||||
| Mori (1999) [98] | Rat (SD) | Control | Normal | 0.19 | 20 | I; P | 12–22 | 2.368 | 12–22 | 82 ± 25 | 5 | 93 ± 34 | 9 |
| Ventrucci (2001) [101] | Rat (Wistar) | Control | Normal | 0.15 | 18 | C; P | 1–20 | 7.180 e | 1–20 | 61 ± 31 | 10 | 90 ± 36 | 10 |
| Isoleucine | |||||||||||||
| Brunner (1978) [43] | Rat (SD) | PKU-induction | FGR | 0.22 | NA | C; T | 10–20 | 1.570 e | 10–20 | 42 ± 19 | 3 | 30 ± 8 | 4 |
| 4.720 e | 10–20 | 32 ± 4 | 3 | 29 ± 18 | 12 | ||||||||
| Control | Normal | 0.22 | NA | C; P | 10–20 | 1.570 e | 10–20 | 66 ± 28 | 4 | 44 ± 10 | 4 | ||
| 4.720 e | 10–20 | 23 ± 19 | 3 | 55 ± 42 | 12 | ||||||||
| Matsueda (1982) [97] | Rat (SD) | Control | Normal | 0.19 | 6 | C; P | 1–22 | 3.150 | 1–22 | 56 ± 11 | 5 | 44 ± 22 | 5 |
| Mori (1999) [98] | Rat (SD) | Control | Normal | 0.19 | 20 | I; P | 12–22 | 2.368 | 12–22 | 92 ± 9 | 4 | 93 ± 34 | 9 |
| Cysteine (NAC) | |||||||||||||
| Miller (2014) [108] | Mouse (CD-1) | Control | Normal | 0.03 | 19 | I; P | 6–13 | 0.150 | 6–17 | 14 ± 3 | 25 | 13 ± 3 | 25 |
| Soto-Blanco (2001) [114] | Rat (Wistar) | Control | Normal | 0.27 | 26 | C; P | 6–21 | 0.510 | 6–21 | 72 ± 16 | 12 | 68 ± 19 | 12 |
| Methionine | |||||||||||||
| Brunner (1978) [43] | Rat (SD) | PKU-induction | FGR | 0.22 | NA | C; T | 10–20 | 1.570 e | 10–20 | 23 ± 4 | 4 | 30 ± 8 | 4 |
| Control | Normal | 0.22 | NA | C; P | 10–20 | 1.570 e | 10–20 | 44 ± 22 | 4 | 44 ± 10 | 4 | ||
| Matsueda (1982) [97] | Rat (SD) | Control | Normal | 0.19 | NA | C; P | 1–22 | 1.150 | 1–22 | −54 ± 9 | 5 | −20 ± 17 | 7 |
| Mori (1999) [98] | Rat (SD) | Control | Normal | 0.19 | 20 | I; P | 12–22 | 2.368 | 12–22 | −16 ± 36 | 8 | 93 ± 34 | 9 |
| Liu (2016) [125] | Sheep (Merino) | Control | Normal | 63 | NA | I; P | 111-P0 | 0.047 | 111–1 wk pre-lambing | −1100 ± 1200 | 60 | 1500 ± 1200 | 60 |
| Choline | |||||||||||||
| Bai (2012) [109] | Rat (Wistar) | Protein restriction | FGR | 0.30 | 9 | C; P | 1-P0 | 0.670 d | 1–22 | 57 ± 7 | 8 | 59 ± 9 | 8 |
| Zhang (2018) [112] | Rat (SD) | LPS infusion | FGR | 0.20 | NA | C; P | 1–20 | 0.875 e | 1–20 | 175 ± 46 | 9 | 170 ± 24 | 9 |
| Janovick Guretzky (2006) [151] | Cow (Holstein) | Control | Normal | 715 | NA | C; P | 3 wks before P0 | 0.021 | Last 2 wks | 32,500 ± 49,041 | 5 | 5600 ± 58,138 | 5 |
| Cow (Jersey) | Control | Normal | 506 | NA | C; P | 3 wks before P0 | 0.030 | Last 2 wks | 18,500 ± 47,518 | 16 | 12,800 ± 49,115 | 16 | |
| Jacobson (2018) [138] | Human (South Africa) | Alcohol use | Risk | 57 | NA | I; T | Enrollment-P0 | 0.035 | NA | 5960 ± 19,040 | 28 | 2020 ± 19,463 | 24 |
| Ross (2013) [135] | Human (USA) | Control | Normal | 78 | NA | I; P | wk 17-P0 | 0.012 d | NA | 14,832 ± 8165 | 46 | 14,787 ± 6713 | 47 |
| Yan (2012) [136] | Human (USA) | Control | Normal | 63 | NA | I; P | wk 27–39 | 0.007 d | 189–273 | 6000 ± 2200 | 13 | 6400 ± 2700 | 13 |
Ordered according to species per amino acid. a The supplementation scheme was continuous (C) or an interval (I). b Intervention type was treatment (T) or prevention (P). c Isonitrogenous control diet was used. d Dose in g/kg/day was calculated using the estimated mean maternal weight or based on e estimated food intake. “Normal” in the pregnancy complication column indicates the normal-growth group. BW, birth weight; FGR: fetal growth restriction; GD: gestational day; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; HTN, hypertension; PE: preeclampsia; PIH, pregnancy-induced hypertension; PKU; phenylketonuria; mo, month; NA: not applicable or available; P0, birth day; SD, Sprague Dawley; wk, wks.