Table 1.
Characteristics * of child participants from Guam in the Children’s Healthy Living (CHL) Program by ethnicity.
| Total | CHamoru (n = 561) | Other Micronesians (n = 223) | Filipino (n = 81) | Other (n = 10) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child Participant | ||||||
| Age, years | 5.79 ± 0.062 | 5.80 ± 0.078 | 5.66 ± 0.123 | 5.99 ± 0.062 | 6.24 ± 0.670 | |
| 2–5 years old | 465 (53.76%) | 296 (52.76%) | 123 (57.76%) | 42 (51.85%) | 4 (40%) | 0.418 |
| 6–8 years old | 400 (46.24%) | 265 (47.23%) | 90 (42.25%) | 39 (48.14%) | 6 (60%) | |
| Birthplace | 0.0001 | |||||
| Guam | 723 (84.46%) | 488 (88.09%) | 170 (80.19%) | 62 (76.54%) | 3 (33.33%) | |
| U.S. Mainland | 52 (6.08%) | 36 (6.50%) | 9 (4.25%) | 3 (3.70%) | 4 (44.44%) | |
| Saipan, CNMI | 34 (3.97%) | 28 (5.05%) | 5 (2.36%) | 1 (1.24%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Other Islands in Micronesia | 28 (3.27%) | 0 (0%) | 28 (13.21%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Philippines | 15 (1.75%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 15 (18.52%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Other | 4 (0.47%) | 2 (0.36%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (22.22%) | |
| Ever Breastfed? | 0.0006 | |||||
| Yes | 557 (67.19%) | 341 (62.80%) | 155 (78.68%) | 53 (67.09%) | 8 (80%) | |
| No | 272 (32.81%) | 202 (37.20%) | 42 (21.32%) | 26 (32.91%) | 2 (20%) | |
| Child fed both breastmilk & infant formula | 0.8223 | |||||
| Yes | 443 (54.23%) | 291 (54.09%) | 102 (53.40%) | 46 (58.23%) | 4 (44.45%) | |
| No | 374 (45.77%) | 247 (45.91%) | 89 (46.60%) | 33 (41.77%) | 5 (55.55%) | |
| Child age (months) when weaned from breastmilk | 9.76 ± 0.438 | 8.63 ± 0.519 | 12.48 ± 0.958 | 8.511 ± 1.165 | 18.0 ± 3.928 | |
| Average Sleep Duration (h/d) | 8.61 ± 0.078 | 8.86 ± 0.086 † | 7.75 ± 0.200 | 8.99 ± 0.206 † | 9.05 ± 0.273 | 0.0001 |
| TCSQ Sleep Score | 6.34 ± 0.205 | 6.583 ± 0.246 | 6.011 ± 0.4621 | 5.231 ± 0.554 | 8.00 ± 3.386 | |
| Met Sleep Recommendations Ƒ | 0.0136 | |||||
| Yes | 343 (40.35%) | 240 (43.09%) | 63 (30.58%) | 35 (43.75%) | 5 (50%) | |
| No | 507 (59.65%) | 317 (56.91%) | 143 (69.42%) | 45 (65.25%) | 5 (50%) | |
| Average Screen-time (hr/d) | 5.29 ± 0.132 | 5.13 ± 0.154 § | 5.45 ± 0.308 | 6.24 ± 0.425 | 3.59 ± 0.550 | |
| Met Screen-time Recommendations Ω | 0.0069 | |||||
| Yes | 124 (16.89%) | 82 (16.73%) | 39 (22.54%) | 3 (4.61%) | 0 (0%) | |
| No | 610 (83.11%) | 408 (83.27%) | 134 (77.46%) | 62 (95.39%) | 6 (100%) | |
| Height (cm) | 110.56 ± 0.46 | 109.07 ± 0.59 | 111.31 ± 1.71 | 112.98 ± 1.22 | 114.75 ± 5.03 | |
| Weight (kg) | 21.05 ± 0.25 | 20.78 ± 0.31 | 21.50 ± 0.54 | 21.55 ± 0.72 | 22.4 ± 2.44 | |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 16.84 ± 0.11 | 16.77 ± 0.14 | 17.09 ± 0.43 | 16.65 ± 0.27 | 16.42 ± 0.61 | |
| BMI z-score | 0.402 ± 0.039 | 0.352 ± 0.048 † | 0.544 ± 0.08 | 0.395 ± 0.132 | 0.189 ± 0.284 | 0.0397 |
| BMI Categories ß | ||||||
| Underweight | 25 (2.96%) | 18 (32.91%) | 4 (1.93%) | 3 (3.75%) | 0 (0%) | 0.6945 |
| Healthy weight | 595 (70.49%) | 392 (71.66%) | 144 (69.56%) | 51 (63.75%) | 8 (80%) | 0.4523 |
| Overweight, % (≥85th%ile) | 113 (13.39%) | 77 (14.08%) | 21 (10.14%) | 14 (17.50%) | 1 (10%) | 0.3385 |
| Obesity, % (≥95th%ile) | 111 (13.15%) | 60 (10.97%) | 38 (18.36%) | 12 (15.0%) | 1 (10%) | 0.0314 |
| OWOB by Age | ||||||
| 2–5 years old | 107 (23.94%) | 59 (20.85%) | 32 (26.89%) | 16 (39.02%) | 0 (0%) | 0.0378 |
| 6–8 years old | 117 (29.47%) | 78 (29.54%) | 27 (30.68%) | 10 (25.64%) | 2 (33.33%) | 0.9441 |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 55.07 ± 0.30 | 54.76 ± 0.38 | 55.44 ± 0.58 | 56.104 ± 0.95 | 55.64 ± 2.50 | |
| Abdominal Obesity € | 0.6782 | |||||
| Yes | 76 (8.94%) | 48 (8.77%) | 17 (7.98%) | 10 (12.50%) | 1 (10%) | |
| No | 774 (91.06%) | 499 (91.23%) | 196 (92.02%) | 70 (87.5%) | 9 (90%) | |
| Consumed SSB? | 0.0001 | |||||
| Yes | 497 (74.74%) | 361 (81.49%) | 95 (61.29%) | 36 (59.01%) | 5 (50%) | |
| No | 168 (25.26%) | 82 (18.51%) | 60 (38.71%) | 25 (40.99%) | 5 (50%) | |
| Beverage Consumption ‡,¶ | ||||||
| Water (c/d) | 1.47 ± 0.048 | 1.306 ± 0.45 | 1.298 ± 0.66 | 1.401 ± 0.105 | 1.522 ± 0.429 | |
| Milk (c/d) | 1.241 ± 0.024 | 1.280 ± 0.029 †,§ | 1.028 ± 0.045 | 1.454 ± 0.081 † | 1.660 ± 0.139 | |
| Sugar-sweet drinks (c/d) | 0.845 ± 0.029 | 0.958 ± 0.036 †,§,‡ | 0.560 ± 0.050 Ø | 0.727 ± 0.101 | 1.095 ± 0.269 | |
| Fruit Consumption ‡ (c/d) | 0.882 ± 0.021 | 0.88 ± 0.025 | 0.846 ± 0.045 | 0.956 ± 0.080 | 1.153 ± 0.240 | |
| Vegetable Consumption ‡,¶ (c/d) | 0.609 ± 0.013 | 0.648 ± 0.015 | 0.472 ± 0.026 | 0.651 ± 0.041 | 0.850 ± 0.139 | |
| Met Recommendation for: | ||||||
| Fruit Intake | 257 (41.35%) | 182 (41.08%) | 63 (40.65%) | 27 (44.26%) | 3 (50%) | 0.9312 |
| Vegetable Intake | 6 (0.90%) | 5 (1.13%) | 1 (0.65%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.8064 |
| Parent/Caregiver/Household | ||||||
| Annual Family Income Level | 0.0001 | |||||
| <$20,000 | 348 (57.91%) | 220 (54.18%) | 92 (82.88%) | 32 (43.24%) | 4 (40%) | |
| $20,000–$34,999 | 182 (14.81%) | 59 (14.53%) | 9 (8.11%) | 17 (22.97%) | 4 (40%) | |
| $35,000–$59,999 | 93 (15.47%) | 71 (17.49%) | 5 (4.51%) | 17 (22.97%) | 0 (0%) | |
| >$60,000 | 71 (11.81%) | 56 (13.80%) | 5 (7.20%) | 8 (10.82%) | 2 (20%) | |
| Receiving any Food Assistance | 0.0001 | |||||
| Yes | 676 (80.38%) | 447 (81.57%) | 176 (86.70%) | 47 (58.75%) | 6 (60%) | |
| No | 165 (19.62%) | 101 (18.43%) | 27 (13.30%) | 33 (41.25%) | 4 (40%) | |
| Type of Food Assistance | ||||||
| SNAP ∂ | 585 (67.85%) | 401 (71.61%) | 146 (69.19%) | 33 (40.74%) | 5 (50%) | 0.0001 |
| Local Food Bank | 101 (11.72%) | 69 (12.32%) | 28 (13.27%) | 4 (4.94%) | 0 (0%) | 0.1319 |
| WIC ∞ | 274 (31.79%) | 162 (28.93%) | 86 (40.76%) | 22 (27.16%) | 4 (40%) | 0.0114 |
| Free School Lunch/Breakfast | 248 (28.77%) | 202 (36.07%) | 33 (15.64%) | 10 (12.35%) | 3 (30%) | 0.0001 |
| Food Insecurity δ | 0.0001 | |||||
| Always/most times | 127 (16.82%) | 86 (17.20%) | 32 (18.71%) | 7 (9.46%) | 2 (20%) | |
| Sometimes | 262 (34.70%) | 128 (25.6%) | 96 (56.16%) | 35 (47.29%) | 3 (30%) | |
| Seldom/never | 366 (48.48%) | 286 (57.20%) | 43 (25.15%) | 32 (43.24%) | 5 (50%) | |
| Parent/Caregiver Education | 0.0001 | |||||
| <12th Grade | 281 (32.48%) | 184 (32.80%) | 79 (37.08%) | 17 (20.98%) | 1 (10%) | |
| 12th Grade/GED | 351 (40.58%) | 237 (42.24%) | 97 (45.54%) | 13 (16.05%) | 4 (40%) | |
| Some college or higher | 233 (26.94%) | 140 (24.96%) | 37 (17.38%) | 32 (62.97%) | 5 (50%) | |
| Parent Marital Status | 0.0001 | |||||
| Married | 340 (39.31%) | 190 (33.89%) | 90 (42.25%) | 55 (67.90%) | 5 (50%) | |
| Not Married | 525 (60.69%) | 371 (66.13%) | 123 (57.75%) | 26 (32.10%) | 5 (50%) | |
| Number Children in Household | 4.19 ± 0.077 | 4.29 ± 0.096 § | 4.35 ± 0.164 § | 3.14 ± 0.151 | 3.4 ± 0.306 | 0.0001 |
| Household Size | 0.008 | |||||
| 1–2 children | 205 (23.78%) | 127 (22.72%) | 48 (22.64%) | 29 (35.80%) | 1 (1%) | |
| 3–4 children | 341 (39.56%) | 220 (39.36%) | 75 (35.38%) | 39 (48.15%) | 7 (70%) | |
| 5 or more children | 316 (36.66%) | 212 (37.92%) | 89 (41.98%) | 13 (16.05%) | 2 (20%) | |
| Acculturation γ | 0.0565 | |||||
| Integrated | 572 (79.89%) | 388 (80.15%) | 123 (75.00%) | 55 (88.71%) | 6 (100%) | |
| Traditional | 101 (14.11%) | 74 (15.29%) | 24 (14.63%) | 3 (4.84%) | 0 | |
| Assimilated | 17 (2.37%) | 7 (1.45%) | 7 (4.27%) | 3 (4.83%) | 0 | |
| Marginalized | 26 (3.63%) | 15 (3.10%) | 10 (6.10%) | 1 (1.61%) | 0 |
* Frequency number (%), ¶ Mean ± standard error, ‡ Consumption in cups/day, weighted for weekday/weekend days and adjusted for within person variance, † Significantly (p < 0.05) different from Other Micronesians § Significantly (p < 0.05) different from Filipino, Ø Significantly (p < 0.05) different from Other, Ƒ Sleep Recommendations: at least 11 h/d for 2-year-olds, at least 10 h/d for 3 to 5 year-olds, and at least 9 h/d for 6 to 10 year-olds, Ω Screen-time Recommendation of 2 h/d or less, ß BMI percentiles calculated according to CDC reference data and categories assigned as: underweight (<5th percentile), healthy weight (5th–84th percentile), overweight (85th–94th percentile), and obese (95th percentile), € Abdominal obesity defined as waist circumference greater than the International Diabetes Federation cut-point (>90.2 percentile for age and sex), ∂ USDA Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), ∞ USDA Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), δ Question from USDA Core Food Security Module “In the past 12 months how often does money for food run out by the end of the month? γ What category of acculturation does family consider themselves?