Figure 3.

Effect of curcumin, chlorogenic acid (CGA) and their combinations on TNF-α production (A) and cell viability (B). THP-1 macrophages were pre-treated with 5 µM curcumin and CGA (alone and in combination) for 1 h prior to stimulation with 100 ng/mL LPS for 4 h at 37 °C. The level of secreted TNF-α was measured using ELISA, and cell viability was assayed using MTT. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation for nine biological replicates. One-way ANOVA with Duncan’s post hoc test was used to perform the comparison of means. Means with the same letter are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05).