Figure 1.

Temporal changes in ER stress associated lipogenesis following mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-coupled autophagy inhibition induced by dietary fructose. However, the activation of mTOR and its downstream p70 S6K and 4EBP1 is parallel with inhibition of autophagy (Atg5, Atg7, LC3II/LC3I and p62) within 2 h of high-fructose feeding. This is followed by increased ER stress (inositol-requiring enzyme 1/X-box binding protein, IRE1/XBP1) (starting from 6 h) and subsequent increase in lipogenesis (acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1)) (after 6 h). Diagram redrawn based on [7].