Table 2.

The development of vaccine candidates in phase 1 or phase 2 clinical stage

Vaccine type	Vaccine	Developer	Clinical stage	Number of doses	Timing of doses
The inactivated vaccines	Inactivated	Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences	Phase 1/2	2	0, 28 days
	Inactivated	Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Rep of Kazakhstan	Phase 1/2	2	0, 21 days
	Whole-Virion Inactivated	Bharat Biotech	Phase 2	2	0, 14 days
	mRNA	Curevac	Phase 2	2	0, 28 days
RNA vaccines	mRNA	Arcturus/Duke-NUS	Phase 1/2	N/A	N/A
	LNP-nCoVsaRNA	Imperial College London	Phase 1	2	N/A
	mRNA	People’s Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences/Walvax Biotech.	Phase 1	2	0, 14 or 0, 28 days
DNA vaccines	DNA plasmid vaccine with electroporation	Inovio Pharmaceuticals/ International Vaccine Institute	Phase 1/2	2	0, 28 days
	DNA plasmid vaccine + Adjuvant	Osaka University/ AnGes/ Takara Bio	Phase 1/2	2	0, 14 days
	DNA plasmid vaccine	Cadila Healthcare Limited	Phase 1/2	3	0, 28, 56 days
	DNA Vaccine (GX-19)	Genexine Consortium	Phase 1/2	2	0, 28 days
Non-replicating viral vector	Replication defective Simian Adenovirus (GRAd) encoding S	ReiThera/LEUKOCARE/Univercells	Phase 1	1	N/A
Replicating viral vector	Measles-vector based	Institute Pasteur/Themis/Univ. of Pittsburg CVR/Merck Sharp & Dohme	Phase 1	1 or 2	0, 28 days
	Intranasal flu-based-RBD	Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy/Xiamen University	Phase 1	1	N/A
Protein subunit	Full-length recombinant SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with Matrix M	Novavax	Phase 2	2	0, 21 days
	Adjuvanted recombinant protein (RBD-Dimer)	Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences	Phase 2	2 or 3	0, 28 or 0, 28, 56 days
	RBD-based	Kentucky Bioprocessing, Inc	Phase 1/2	2	0, 21 days
	S protein (baculovirus production)	Sanofi Pasteur/GSK	Phase 1/2	2	0, 21 days
	Recombinant trimeric subunit S protein vaccine	Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc./GSK/Dynavax	Phase 1	2	0, 21 days
	Recombinant S protein with Advax™ adjuvant	Vaxine Pty Ltd/Medytox	Phase 1	1	N/A
	Molecular clamp stabilized S protein with MF59 adjuvant	University of Queensland/CSL/Seqirus	Phase 1	2	0, 28 days
	S-2P protein + CpG 1018	Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation/NIAID/Dynavax	Phase 1	2	0, 28 days
	RBD + Adjuvant	Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, Cuba	Phase 1	2	0, 28 days
	Peptide	FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo	Phase 1	2	0, 21 days
	RBD (baculovirus production expressed in Sf9 cells)	West China Hospital, Sichuan University	Phase 1	2	0, 28 days
	SARS-CoV-2 HLA-DR peptides	University Hospital Tuebingen	Phase 1	1	N/A
VLP	Plant-derived VLP adjuvanted with GSK or Dynavax adjs.	Medicago Inc.	Phase 1	2	0, 21 days