Table A2.
Sample Size, Bias, Country of Origin, Statistics, and Quality Assessment.
| Authors | Sample Size | Bias within Study | Country of Origin | Statistics Used | JHNEBP | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strength | Quality | |||||
| Pett RG, et al. | 967, average age not reported | United States only | United States | Logistic regression | II | A |
| Durand Z, et al. | 172,256, average age 41 | United States only | United States | t-test | III | A |
| Freeman PR, et al. | 48 PCP, 60 pharmacists, average age not reported | United States only | United States | n/a | III | B |
| Nagarajan R and Talbert J | 11,596 | United States only | United States | Tukey’s outlier detection and surrogate testing | III | B |
| Perry BL, et al. | 526,914 patients, 2,107,656 quarterly prescription entries | United States only | United States | Regression | III | A |
| Soffin EM, et al. | n/a | United States only | United States | n/a | IV | C |
| Stopka TJ, et al. | 3,143,817, average age not reported | United States only | United States | t-test | IV | C |
| Wang Y, et al. | 17,000, average age not reported | United States only | United States | t-test and descriptives | III | A |
| Butler JM, et al. | n/a | United States only | United States | n/a | IV | B |
| Lin JH, et al. | 106,508, average age not reported | Taiwan only | Taiwan | Regression | II | A |
| Ponte C, et al. | 11.7 million | France only | France | t-test | III | A |
| Torrance N, et al. | 1,036,446, average age not reported | Scotland only | Scotland | Chi squared | III | A |
| Ali MM, et al. | , average age not reported | United States only | United States | Logit regression | III | A |
| Rutkow L, et al. | 37, average age not reported | United States only | United States | language processing | III | B |
| Simeone R | 11 billion | United States Only, Selection bias because pharmacies involved in illicit activity are not going to provide data |
United States | t-test | III | A |
| Chenaf C, et al. | 3505, average age not reported | France only | France | Cox proportional hazard model | III | A |
| Delorme J, et al. | 2043 | France only | France | Cox proportional hazard model | III | A |
| Kea B, et al. | 139,256, average age not reported | United States only | United States | descriptives and natural language processing | III | B |
| National Council of State Boards of Nursing | n/a | United States only | United States | n/a | IV | B |
| Okumura Y, et al. | 1,178,361, average age not reported | Japan only | Japan | t-test | III | A |
| Ong MS, et al. | 5659 patients and 1448 provider pairs | United States only | United States | Logistic regression | III | A |
| Takahashi Y, et al. | 1.24 million, average age not reported | Japan only | Japan | regression | III | A |
| Huang SK, et al. | 30,000 physicians at 1898 facilities | Taiwan only | Taiwan | natural language processing | III | A |
| Lin MH, et al. | 32,813,217 visits, average age not reported | Taiwan only | Taiwan | descriptives and natural language processing | II | A |
| Lu TH, et al. | 6947, average age not reported | Taiwan only | Taiwan | descriptives and natural language processing | II | A |
| Webster LR and Grabois M | n/a | United States only | United States | n/a | IV | C |
| Han H, et al. | 3,260,824, average age not reported | United States only | United States | n/a | III | B |
| Hypponen H, et al. | 1693, average age not reported | Finland only | Finland | natural language processing | III | A |
| Shepherd J | n/a | United States only | United States | n/a | IV | A |
| Cepeda MS, et al. | 10,910,451, average age 45 | United States only | United States | t-test | III | A |
| Modarai F, et al. | United States only | United States | Regression, spatial cluster analysis | III | B | |
| Rouby F, et al. | 4.5 million | France only | France | t-test | III | A |
| Simoni-Wastila and Qian J | 2,175,012, average age not reported | United States only | United States | multinomial regressions | III | A |
| Worley J, et al. | n/a | United States only | United States | n/a | IV | C |
| Worley J, et al. | n/a | United States only | United States | n/a | IV | C |
| Fass JA and Hardigan PC | 836, average age not reported | United States only | United States | language processing | III | A |
| Frauger E, et al. | n/a | France only | France | n/a | IV | B |
| Hincapie AL, et al. | 34, average age not reported | United States only | United States | language processing | III | B |
| Hsu MH, et al. | 8, average age 47.9, 88% male | Taiwan only | Taiwan | Chi-squared and two-sided z-tests with Bonferroni adjustments | III | B |
| Pauly V, et al. | 4787 patients, average age 37.6 | France only | France | Clustering | III | A |
| Wilsey BL, et al. | 2,849,464 patients, average age of shoppers 50.7 | United States only | United States | Regression | IV | C |
| Pradel V, et al. | 128,000, average age not reported | France only | France | t-test | III | A |