Table 2.
Food supplements with a primary impact on appetite regulation.
| Food Supplement | Dosage | Mechanisms of Action | Quality of Evidence | Side Effects | Recommendation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caralluma | 1 g/day | fatty acid synthesis inhibition and enhanced fatty acid oxidation *; ghrelin/neuropeptide Y expression inhibition *# | low | None | B |
| Spirulina | 1–4.5 g/day | decreased appetite *#; adipogenesis inhibition *; browning induction * | low | None | B |
| Whey protein | ∼100–600 g/week | increased satiety hormones; decreased appetite; enhanced fat mass oxidation; enhanced lean mass preservation *# | moderate | None | A |
| Coffee, caffeine and chlorogenic acids | 60 mg–1000 g/day | hunger suppression; energy expenditure stimulation; increased fat oxidation and brown adipose tissue activation *# | moderate | None | A |
| Bitter orange | 10–400 mg/day | suppressed appetite *#; energy expenditure and lipolysis increase *# | low | None | B |
| Guarana | 240–285 mg/day | decreased appetite #; increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation *#; adipogenesis inhibition *; browning induction * | low | Gastrointestinal discomfort; insomnia, migraine, tachycardia | B |
* denotes preclinical evidence, # denotes clinical evidence, A is for possibly recommended, B is for undetermined recommendation.