Table 2.
Habitual daily nutrient intakes and prevalence of not meeting estimated average requirement (EAR) or preventing lifestyle-related disease(DG) of Dietary Reference Intakes(DRIs) among 287 junior high school students categorized into high and low groups by mothers’ nutrition knowledge level †.
| High (n = 146) | Inadequacy ‡ (%) | Low (n = 141) | Inadequacy ‡ (%) | p ¶ | p †† | OR (95%CI) ‡‡ | OR (95%CI) §§ | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||||||||
| Nutrient with EAR | ||||||||||||||
| Protein (g) | 83 | 15 | 0 | 82 | 14 | 0 | 0.563 | 0.695 | ||||||
| Vitamin A (µgRAE) § | 815 | 395 | 17.8 | 768 | 279 | 20.6 | 0.363 | 0.418 | 0.888 | (0.483) | (1.632) | 0.970 | (0.504) | 1.868 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 1.0 | 0.17 | 80.1 | 1.0 | 0.16 | 86.5 | 0.443 | 0.648 | 0.646 | (0.338) | (1.235) | 0.712 | (0.358) | 1.418 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | 1.8 | 0.5 | 8.9 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 7.1 | 0.900 | 0.775 | 1.389 | (0.570) | (3.388) | 1.443 | (0.547) | 3.803 |
| Niacin (mgNE) ǁ | 17.3 | 4.3 | 8.9 | 16.7 | 4.0 | 9.2 | 0.248 | 0.295 | 1.046 | (0.454) | (2.410) | 0.950 | (0.397) | 2.273 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.4 | 0.31 | 18.4 | 1.4 | 0.28 | 25.5 | 0.249 | 0.385 | 0.676 | (0.376) | (1.215) | 0.686 | (0.369) | 1.275 |
| Vitamin B12 (mg) | 8.8 | 4.3 | 0 | 8.2 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 0.306 | 0.327 | - | |||||
| Folate (µg) | 391 | 128 | 4.3 | 368 | 105 | 1.4 | 0.137 | 0.226 | 3.577 | (0.667) | (19.176) | 3.571 | (0.592) | 21.54 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 131 | 53 | 13.7 | 125 | 47 | 18.4 | 0.374 | 0.586 | 0.760 | (0.396) | (1.460) | 0.856 | (0.431) | 1.700 |
| Calcium (mg) | 905 | 312 | 34.9 | 924 | 301 | 34.0 | 0.654 | 0.569 | 1.106 | (0.664) | (1.841) | 1.192 | (0.695) | 2.047 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 302 | 60 | 15.8 | 295 | 51 | 16.3 | 0.154 | 0.246 | 0.911 | (0.477) | (1.738) | 0.882 | (0.441) | 1.762 |
| Iron (mg) | 8.9 | 2.0 | 63.0 | 8.4 | 1.8 | 67.4 | 0.057 | 0.105 | 0.675 | (0.398) | (1.147) | 0.697 | (0.398) | 1.220 |
| Zinc (mg) | 10.4 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 10.3 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 0.273 | 0.351 | 0.276 | (0.029) | (2.591) | 0.292 | (0.023) | 3..670 |
| Copper (mg) | 1,31 | 0.20 | 0 | 1.28 | 0.21 | 0 | 0.045 | 0.086 | - | |||||
| Nutrient with DG | ||||||||||||||
| Fat (%energy) | 30.0 | 8.6 | 50.7 | 30.6 | 9.6 | 51.8 | 0.480 | 0.564 | 0.928 | (0.572) | (1.506) | 0.970 | (0.588) | 1.602 |
| Carbohydrate (%energy) | 57.6 | 18.8 | 30.1 | 58.7 | 19.9 | 30.5 | 0.927 | 0.750 | 1.004 | (0.598) | (1.683) | 1.084 | (0.632) | 1.860 |
| Total dietary fiber (g) | 13.2 | 3.3 | 86.3 | 12.8 | 3.4 | 86.5 | 0.262 | 0.448 | 1.007 | (0.504) | (2.012) | 1.205 | (0.576) | 2.521 |
| Sodium (salt-equivalent) (g) | 11.9 | 2.6 | 97.9 | 11.7 | 2.5 | 94.3 | 0.303 | 0.347 | 2.470 | (0.628) | (9.712) | 2.057 | (0.443) | 9.555 |
| Potassium (mg) | 2877 | 716 | 29.5 | 2801 | 593 | 29.1 | 0.329 | 0.521 | 1.066 | (0.631) | (1.800) | 1.182 | (0.671) | 2.082 |
DG, tentative dietary goal for preventing lifestyle-related disease; DRIs, Dietary Reference Intakes; EAR, estimated average requirement; OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation; 95%CI, 95% Confidence Interval; † Adjustment of reporting error was performed according to the following: Nutrient intake = reported nutrient intake / reported energy intake × estimated energy requirement. The estimated energy requirement of physical activity level Ⅱ for 12- to 14-year old Japanese boys and girls are 2600 kcal/day and 2400 kcal/day, respectively; ‡ Percentage of participants whose nutrient intake did not meet DG or EAR of DRIs. Each nutrient intake was compared with each DRI value, using the cut-point methods; § Sum of retinol, β-carotene/12, α-carotene/24, and cryptoxanthin/24; ǁ Sum of niacin and protein/6000; ¶ The p values are shown for covariate analysis to analyze difference of nutrient intakes between high and low groups adjusted for confounding variables of gender and mother’s education level (university or high, Junior college or vocational technical school and High school or, junior high school); †† The p values are shown for covariate analysis to analyze difference of nutrient intakes between high and low groups adjusted for confounding variables of gender, mother’s education level (university or high, Junior college or vocational technical school and High school, or junior high school), mother’s age (less than 40 years, 40–49 years, or 50 years or over), household income (less than 2,000,000 yen, 2,000,000–6,000,000 yen, 6,000,000–10,000,000 yen, or 10,000,000 yen or more), mother’s working status (full-time, part-time, housewife, or others), frequency of mother’s dinner cooking and the number of children in home (one, two, or three or more); ‡‡ Multivariate adjusted ORs about nutrient intake inadequacy between high and low groups were calculated by adjusting for gender and mother’s education level (university or high, Junior college or vocational technical school and High school, or junior high school); §§ Multivariate adjusted ORs about nutrient intake inadequacy between high and low groups were calculated by adjusting for gender, mother’s education level (university or high, Junior college or vocational technical school and High school, or junior high school), mother’s age (less than 40 years, 40–49 years, or 50 years or over), household income (less than 2,000,000 yen, 2,000,000–6,000,000 yen, 6,000,000–10,000,000 yen, or 10,000,000 yen or more), mother’s working status (full-time, part-time, housewife, or others), frequency of mother’s dinner cooking and the number of children in home (one, two, or three or more).