Table 2.
Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for liver cancer according to tertile of acrylamide intake.
| Quartile of Energy-Adjusted Acrylamide Intake | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 μg/d | Tertile 1 (Lowest) | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 (Highest) | ||||||
| HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | p for Trend | |
| Number of subjects | 85,305 | 28,435 | 28,435 | 28,435 | |||||
| Person-years | 1,267,791 | 417,202 | 425,177 | 425,412 | |||||
| Number of liver cancers | 744 | 311 | 248 | 185 | |||||
| Age- and area-adjusted model a | 0.96 | (0.94–0.98) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 0.88 | (0.74–1.04) | 0.73 | (0.60–0.88) | <0.01 |
| Multivariable model 1 b | 0.96 | (0.94–0.99) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 0.90 | (0.76–1.06) | 0.79 | (0.65–0.95) | 0.01 |
| Multivariable model 1 (excluding cases < 3 years) | 0.97 | (0.94–0.99) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 0.91 | (0.76–1.10) | 0.82 | (0.66–1.01) | 0.06 |
| Multivariable model 2 c | 0.99 | (0.96–1.01) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (0.84–1.20) | 1.08 | (0.87–1.34) | 0.51 |
| Multivariable model 2 (excluding cases < 3 years) | 0.99 | (0.96–1.01) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 0.99 | (0.81–1.21) | 1.08 | (0.85–1.37) | 0.58 |
| Multivariable model 3 d (excluding cases with history of hepatitis) | 0.99 | (0.96–1.02) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 0.95 | (0.76–1.18) | 1.12 | (0.87–1.45) | 0.47 |
| By smoking status | |||||||||
| Never smoker | |||||||||
| Number of subjects | 53,137 | 16,460 | 18,429 | 18,248 | |||||
| Person-years | 817,862 | 252,425 | 283,953 | 281,484 | |||||
| Number of liver cancers | 335 | 131 | 109 | 95 | |||||
| Multivariable model 1 | 0.98 | (0.94–1.01) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 0.86 | (0.66–1.11) | 0.93 | (0.70–1.22) | 0.54 |
| Multivariable model 2 | 0.99 | (0.95–1.02) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 0.95 | (0.72–1.25) | 1.15 | (0.85–1.56) | 0.42 |
| Ever smoker e | |||||||||
| Number of subjects | 27,083 | 10,150 | 8365 | 8568 | |||||
| Person-years | 382,550 | 141,189 | 119,153 | 122,209 | |||||
| Number of liver cancers | 352 | 147 | 128 | 77 | |||||
| Multivariable model 1 | 0.95 | (0.92–0.99) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.06 | (0.83–1.35) | 0.71 | (0.53–0.94) | 0.03 |
| Multivariable model 2 | 0.99 | (0.95–1.02) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.17 | (0.90–1.51) | 1.07 | (0.77–1.51) | 0.52 |
| By coffee consumption | |||||||||
| Nondrinker | |||||||||
| Number of subjects | 23,104 | 13,603 | 6048 | 3453 | |||||
| Acrylamide intake (mean ± SD, μg/d) | 3.0 | ±1.1 | 6.0 | ±0.8 | 10.8 | ±3.1 | |||
| Acrylamide intake (range, μg/d) | 0.0 | −4.8 | 4.8 | −7.6 | 7.6 | −67.1 | |||
| Person-years | 335,958 | 197,392 | 88,407 | 50,159 | |||||
| Number of liver cancers | 266 | 160 | 68 | 38 | |||||
| Multivariable model 1 | 1.01 | (0.96–1.06) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (0.74–1.34) | 1.12 | (0.77–1.62) | 0.63 |
| Drinker | |||||||||
| Number of subjects | 62,201 | 14,832 | 22,387 | 24,982 | |||||
| Acrylamide intake (mean ± SD, μg/d) | 3.7 | ±0.8 | 6.1 | ±0.8 | 11.1 | ±3.5 | |||
| Acrylamide intake (range, μg/d) | 0.4 | −4.8 | 4.8 | −7.6 | 7.6 | −62.8 | |||
| Person-years | 931,833 | 219,810 | 336,770 | 375,253 | |||||
| Number of liver cancers | 478 | 151 | 180 | 147 | |||||
| Multivariable model 1 | 0.96 | (0.93–0.98) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 0.86 | (0.69–1.07) | 0.74 | (0.58–0.94) | 0.01 |
| Multivariable model 2 | 0.98 | (0.95–1.01) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 0.97 | (0.77–1.22) | 1.05 | (0.80–1.38) | 0.73 |
Abbreviations: 95% CI = 95% confidence intervals. a Age- and area-adjusted model adjusted for gender, age (5-year age intervals) and area. b Multivariable model 1 additionally adjusted for: smoking status (never, former, current, missing), intake of alcohol (nondrinker, <150, ≥150 g/week, missing), body mass index (14−<19, 19−<21, 21−<23, 23−<25, 25−<27, 27−<30, 30–40 kg/m2, missing), physical activity (quartiles, missing), history of diabetes (yes/no), and history of hepatitis (yes/no). c Multivariable model 2 additionally adjusted for: multivariable model 1 and coffee consumption (nondrinker, quintiles). d Multivariable model 3 additionally adjusted for: smoking status (never, former, current, missing), intake of alcohol (nondrinker, <150, ≥150 g/week, missing), body mass index (14−<19, 19−<21, 21−<23, 23−<25, 25−<27, 27−<30, 30–40 kg/m2, missing), physical activity (quartiles, missing), and history of diabetes (yes/no). e Ever smoker was defined as former and current smoker.