Table 3.
Association between the tertile of urinary sodium and blood pressure.
| Methods for Complete 24-h Urine Assessment | Systolic BP (mmHg) | Diastolic BP (mmHg) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | p-Value for Trend | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | p-Value for Trend | |
| No self-reported missed voids | ||||||||
| Model 1 | Ref | 0.60 (0.01, 1.19) | 0.98 (0.36, 1.60) | 0.002 | Ref | −0.04 (−0.42, 0.35) | 0.14 (−0.24, 0.52) | 0.463 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.75 (0.15, 1.35) | 1.14 (0.57, 1.71) | <0.001 | Ref | 0.01 (−0.34, 0.36) | 0.12 (−0.26, 0.49) | 0.545 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.73 (0.14, 1.33) | 1.15 (0.58, 1.72) | <0.001 | Ref | −0.01 (−0.35, 0.33) | 0.13 (−0.25, 0.50) | 0.508 |
| 22–26 h urine samples with no missed voids | ||||||||
| Model 1 | Ref | 0.62 (0.06, 1.17) | 1.03 (0.35, 1.70) | 0.003 | Ref | 0.01 (−0.48, 0.48) | 0.12 (−0.37, 0.61) | 0.625 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.75 (0.22, 1.27) | 1.09 (0.44, 1.73) | 0.001 | Ref | 0.03 (−0.39, 0.45) | 0.01 (−0.46, 0.47) | 0.984 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.74 (0.22, 1.26) | 1.10 (0.47, 1.73) | <0.001 | Ref | 0.02 (−0.39, 0.43) | 0.01 (−0.44, 0.46) | 0.963 |
| Creatinine index ≥0.7 & no missed voids | ||||||||
| Model 1 | Ref | 1.13 (0.55, 1.72) | 1.31 (0.71, 1.92) | <0.001 | Ref | 0.51 (0.12, 0.89) | 0.53 (0.18, 0.88) | 0.003 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.24 (0.65, 1.84) | 1.33 (0.75, 1.91) | <0.001 | Ref | 0.52 (0.15, 0.90) | 0.41 (0.02, 0.80) | 0.037 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.21 (0.62, 1.81) | 1.33 (0.74, 1.92) | <0.001 | Ref | 0.50 (0.12, 0.87) | 0.41 (0.01, 0.81) | 0.047 |
| mCER within 15% of Kawasaki predicted daily creatinine | ||||||||
| Model 1 | Ref | 2.21 (0.82, 3.60) | 2.56 (1.03, 4.09) | 0.001 | Ref | 0.95 (−0.01, 1.91) | 1.38 (0.41, 2.35) | 0.005 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 2.49 (1.02, 3.95) | 2.96 (1.45, 4.46) | 0.001 | Ref | 0.84 (−0.13, 1.81) | 1.88 (0.24, 2.14) | 0.014 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 2.49 (1.02, 3.97) | 2.97 (1.48, 4.46) | <0.001 | Ref | 0.87 (−0.11, 1.84) | 1.20 (0.25, 2.15) | 0.013 |
| mCER within 25% of Kawasaki predicted daily creatinine | ||||||||
| Model 1 | Ref | 0.63 (−0.44, 1.69) | 1.41 (0.17, 2.64) | 0.025 | Ref | 0.18 (−0.51, 0.88) | 0.72 (−0.12, 1.56) | 0.095 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.80 (−0.28, 1.88) | 1.54 (0.34, 2.74) | 0.012 | Ref | 0.08 (−0.63, 0.80) | 0.46 (−0.40, 1.31) | 0.295 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.79 (−0.28, 1.85) | 1.55 (0.37, 2.72) | 0.010 | Ref | 0.08 (−0.65, 0.80) | 0.46 (−0.40, 1.31) | 0.295 |
| mCER 15–25 mg/kg/24 h for men and 10–20 mg/kg/24 h for women | ||||||||
| Model 1 | Ref | 2.31 (1.09, 3.52) | 3.83 (2.19, 5.46) | <0.001 | Ref | 1.59 (0.81, 2.38) | 2.29 (1.33, 3.25) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 2.01 (0.88, 3.15) | 3.34 (1.76, 4.91) | <0.001 | Ref | 1.23 (0.45, 2.02) | 1.62 (0.63, 2.61) | 0.001 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 2.01 (0.85, 3.16) | 3.36 (1.75, 4.96) | <0.001 | Ref | 1.23 (0.45, 2.02) | 1.66 (0.66, 2.66) | 0.001 |
No self-reported missed voids—urine sodium tertile 1: <121.9 mmol/day; tertile 2: >=121.9 to <175.8 mmol/day; tertile 3: >=175.8 mmol/day. 22–26 h urine samples with no missed voids —urine sodium tertile 1: <126.4 mmol/day; tertile 2: >=126.4 to <178.9 mmol/day; tertile 3: >=178.9 mmol/day. Creatinine index ≥0.7—urine sodium tertile 1: <133.7 mmol/day; tertile 2: >=133.7 to <186.1 mmol/day; tertile 3: >=186.1 mmol/day. mCER within 15% of Kawasaki predicted daily creatinine —urine sodium tertile 1: <119.4 mmol/day; tertile 2: >=119.4 to <162.9 mmol/day; tertile 3: >=162.9 mmol/day. mCER within 25% of Kawasaki predicted daily creatinine: <119.7 mmol/day; tertile 2: >=119.7 to <166.1 mmol/day; tertile 3: >=166.1 mmol/day. Sex-specific mCER ranges—urine sodium tertile 1: <104.2 mmol/day; tertile 2: >=104.2 to <151 mmol/day; tertile 3: >=151 mmol/day. mCER: measured 24-h urine creatinine excretion; pCER: predicted 24-h urine creatinine excretion. Model 1: Unadjusted; Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI); Model 3: additionally, adjusted for physical activities, smoking status, alcohol consumption, sleep hours, religion, and household wealth. * p-value < 0.05 suggestive of a linear trend.