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. 2020 Sep 11;12(9):2788. doi: 10.3390/nu12092788

Table 2.

Analysis of vitamin D status in various diseases.

Analyzed Compounds Matrix Disease Studied Group (N) Conclusions Ref.
25(OH)D3
3-Epi-25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D2, 24,25(OH)2D3,
1,25(OH)2D3 		Synovial fluid serum RA 20 patients
with rheumatoid arthritis (RA),
7 patients with resolving reactive arthritis (ReA),
23 healthy controls

  • significantly lower serum 3-epi-25(OH)D3 in RA (median 0.788 ng/mL, p < 0.01) and ReA patients (median 0.361 ng/mL, p < 0.05) relative to healthy controls

 [57]
vitamin D serum RA 149 patients with RA

  • statistically significant improved mean disease activity index in RA patients after supplementation (p = 0.002)

  • improved serum vitamin D levels (from 10.05 ± 5.18 to 57.21 ± 24.77 ng/mL, p < 0.001) during the treatment.

 [59]
1,25(OH)2D
25(OH)D		 serum psoriasis 122 patients with psoriasis Inverse relationship found between 1,25(OH)2D and:

  • visceral adipose (β = −0.43, p = 0.026).

  • aortic vascular uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (β = −0.19, p = 0.01)

  • non-calcified coronary plaque burden (β = −0.18, p = 0.03)

 [61]
25(OH)D3 serum metabolic disorders 92 subjects deficient in vitamin D; 48 with vitamin D supplementation and 44 without supplementation

  • Higher serum level of vitamin D after three-month supplementation with 2000 IU vitamin D (p < 0.001)

  • Association of higher exposure to vitamin D and decreased level of oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes (p < 0.05), increased HDL, decreased HOMA-IR, TG/HDL ratio.

 [64]
25(OH)D serum breast and prostate cancer 15.748 breast cancer cases,
22.898 prostate cancer cases

  • No association between 25(OH)D and risk of breast cancer, estrogen receptor, prostate cancer or the advanced cancer subtype.

 [69]
25(OH)D blood * colorectal cancer 5706 colorectal cancer participants, 7107 controls

  • Association of deficient 25(OH)D (<30 nmol/L) with 31% higher colorectal cancer risk (RR = 1.31).

  • Association of 25(OH)D concentrations of 75–<87.5 and 87.5–<100 nmol/L with 19% (RR = 0.81) and 27% (RR = 0.73) lower risk of colorectal cancer.

 [70]
Vitamin D serum Cancer
cardiovascular disease		 25,871
(12,927 after supplementation, 12,944 after placebo)		 After 1-year supplementation of 2 000 IU vitamin D:

  • 40% increase in mean 25(OH)D levels

  • no result in a lower incidence of invasive cancer or cardiovascular events.

 [71]
1,25(OH)2D3 serum Diabetic Retinopathy 66 diabetic patients,
20 nondiabetic healthy patients

  • Lower mean serum 1,25(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D concentrations in diabetic patients (p < 0.001)

  • lower 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations in patients with diabetic retinopathy

  • negative correlations between 1,25(OH)2D3 and age (p < 0.01) and duration of diabetes (p < 0.05).

 [72]
25(OH)D serum chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 278 Association of vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) with:

  • reduced % predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (p for trend = 0.06)

  • reduced % predicted forced vital capacity (p for trend = 0.003).

 [73]
25(OH)D serum metabolic syndrome 559 Chinese subjects at elevated risk of metabolic syndrome

  • Lower 25(OH)D levels in participants with obesity, high triglycerides, type 2 diabetes, or MS (all p < 0.05)

  • 2.5 times higher incidence of MS in participants in the lowest 25(OH)D tertile compared to those in the highest tertile (OR 2.48; p < 0.05).

 [74]
25(OH)D Dried blood spots multiple sclerosis 521 patients with multiple sclerosis, 972 controls

  • Highest multiple sclerosis risk among individuals with 25(OH)D concentration < 20.7 nmol/L and lowest among those with 25(OH)D levels ≥48.9 nmol/L (OR 0.53).

 [75]
25(OH)D serum Bronchiolitis 50 infants with bronchiolitis,
31 controls

  • Significantly lower the mean serum 25(OH) vitamin D in patients with bronchiolitis (p = 0.003).

  • Non-significant negative correlation of serum IgE with serum 25(OH) vitamin D (r = −0.141, p ≥ 0.05).

 [76]
25[OH]D3 serum food allergy 5276,
269 nonallergic at age 1 y,
338 food allergic at age 1 y,
50 egg tolerant at age 2 y,
55 egg allergic at age 2 y		 Association of low serum 25(OH)D3 level (≤50 nM/L) at age 1 years with:

  • food allergy (OR 12.6)

  • among infants with the GG genotype for DBP (OR 6.0) but not in those with GT/TT genotypes (OR, 0.7, p = 0.014).

 [77]
25(OH)D3 serum chronic kidney disease, depression 533 Koreans participants

  • Higher prevalence of depression in chronic kidney disease patients with vitamin D deficiency (32.5% vs. 50.0% without deficiency, p < 0.001).

  • Vitamin D deficiency as a significant independent predictor of depression (OR 6.15; p = 0.001).

 [78]
Vitamin D serum Depression 5006

  • More depressive symptoms in men and women with deficient (<30 nmol/L) vs. adequate (≥50 nmol/L) vitamin D status

  • Higher incidence of current major depressive disorder (OR 2.51) in men with deficient vitamin D status.

 [79]
25(OH)D serum Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 1653

  • 25(OH)D levels inversely associated with PTSD (OR: 0.96; p = 0.044)

  • Vitamin D deficiency positively associated with PTSD (OR = 2.02; p = 0.028).

 [80]

* not specified if plasma or serum was used for 25(OH)D measurements. HOMA-IR—homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.