Table 1.
Summary of some of the main nutritional interventions targeting AhR studies in animal models and human diseases.
| Species | Models/Diseases | Nutritional Interventions Targeting AhR | Outcomes | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mice | Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-Colitis | L-Trp supplementation | Ameliorated DSS-induced colitis symptoms and severity Increased AhR and IL22 mRNA Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines |
[136] |
| Piglets | DSS-Colitis | L-Trp supplementation | Ameliorated DSS-induced colitis symptoms and severity Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines |
[137] |
| Piglets | DSS-Colitis | L-Trp supplementation | Increased abundances of tight-junction proteins | [138] |
| Mice | Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) | Trp supplementation | Improved disease scores and limited central nervous system (CNS) inflammation Trp effect was dependent to AhR activation |
[102] |
| Mice | DSS-Colitis | I3C supplementation | Control of intestinal IEL development Reduced gut permeability and tissue destruction I3C effect was dependent to AhR activation Increased Cyp1a1 transcripts |
[75] |
| Mice | 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-Colitis | I3C supplementation | Repressed colonic inflammation Prevention of microbial dysbiosis Suppression of Th17 and induction of Tregs Increased IL-22 |
[139] |
| Mice | EAE | I3C supplementation | Less clinical symptoms and cellular infiltration into the CNS Suppression of Th17 and induction of Tregs in AhR dependent manner |
[140] |
| Rainbow trout | Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis | I3C supplementation | Aggravated Induced hepatocarcinogenesis AhR signaling was suggested to be involved |
[141] |
| Rat | AOM-induced colon cancer | I3C supplementation | No clear protective or enhancing effect of I3C | [142] |
| Mice | DSS-Colitis | B-naphtoflavone supplementation | Suppressed DSS-induced colitis Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines B-naphtoflavone effect was dependent to AhR signaling |
[143] |
| Human | Ulcerative colitis | Curcumin capsules | Enhanced the Mesalamine-induced clinical and endoscopic remission | [144] |
| Human | Meta-analysis inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) | Curcumin | Induced remission | [145] |
| Human | Crohn’s disease | Curcumin derivative Theracurmin® | Improved clinical and endoscopic remission Reduced inflammatory markers in blood |
[146] |
| Human | Type 2 diabetes | Curcumin supplementation | Reduced insulin resistance | [147] |
| Human | Colorectal Cancer | Fisetin (flavonoid) supplementation | Reduced inflammation Fisetin as a complementary antitumor agent |
[148] |
| Mice | Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of H22 hepatocellular carcinoma cells i.p. injection of ID8 ovarian cancer cells |
i.p. injection of Kyn | Kyn-AhR pathway regulates PD-1 expression in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells | [125] |