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. 2020 Aug 26;12(9):547. doi: 10.3390/toxins12090547

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Antibiotic treatment did not increase XDH expression or exacerbate the adenine-induced kidney damage. (a) Experimental course of normal mice treated with or without antibiotics (Abx). ANMV; ampicillin, neomycin, metronidazole, and vancomycin. (b) Expression levels of XDH mRNA in the liver and kidney of control (Ctrl) and antibiotic-treated mice. (c) Experimental course of adenine-induced kidney injury in mice treated with or without antibiotics. (d) Histological analysis of the kidney sections with Masson’s trichrome, Sirius red and F4/80 stain. Scale bar, 200 μm. (e) Quantitative analysis of the remaining tubular area in the cortex indicated by Masson’s trichrome staining. (f) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentration. (g) Expression levels of fibrosis- (Tgfb1, Fn1, and Col1a1) and inflammation-related (Emr1, Il1a, and Tnf) genes in the mice kidneys. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared between indicated groups (ANOVA).