Table 1.
Observed consecutive steps in monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
| Step | Time Frame * | Method | Figure | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mAb binding | 30 s | Flow cytometry | 8 | [16] |
| C1q binding and colocalization with mAb | 60 s | Flow cytometry | 2, 8 | [16,17] |
| C3b deposition and mAb colocalization | 90 s | Flow cytometry, high-resolution digital imaging (HRDI) | 3, 4, 10 | [16,18,19] |
| C9 binding and colocalization of C9/C3b/mAb | 60–120 s | HRDI, confocal | 11, 12 | [20] |
| Ca2+ influx, transition-state intermediate | 40–135 s | Confocal, flow cytometry | 9, 10, 15, 16 | [16,21] |
| tunneling nanotubule (TNT) generation | 120 s | Spinning disk | 4, 7 | [19,22] |
| mitochondrial poisoning | 180 s 60–180 s |
HRDI, confocal | 9–11 | [16,20] |
| decay of transition-state intermediate | 225 s | Confocal | 9, 10, 15, 16 | [16,21] |
| MAC formation and cell death | 60–240 s | Confocal | 8–10, 15 | [16,20,21] |
* Time estimates are based on a range of experiments and techniques.