Table 1.

Studies assessing maternal night eating during pregnancy.

Reference	Year of Publication	Country	Diet Assessment Time-Point	Sample Size	Gestation Weeks	Method of Dietary Assessment	Definition of Night-Time Eating
Chandler-Laney et al. [16]	2015	United States (African American)	Single	40	32–34	2-day food diary	Higher TDEI during 8:00 p.m.–5:59 a.m.
Loy et al. [17]	2016	Singapore	Single	985	26–28	Single 24-h recall	More than 50% of TDEI during 7:00 p.m.–6:59 a.m.
Gontijio et al. [18]	2020	Brazil	Multiple	100	4–12; 20–26; 30–37	Three 24-h recalls per trimester	Above the median of TDEI during 7:00 p.m.–5:59 a.m.
Englund-Ögge et al. [19]	2017	Norway	Single	65,487	17–22	Questions asking frequency of eating events	Evening meal pattern as characterized by intake of supper and night meals
Allison et al. [20]	2012	United States (African American)	Single	120	14–24	Night Eating Questionnaire	Night Eating Syndrome
Damla Deniz et al. [21]	2019	Turkey	Single	148	28–38	Night Eating Questionnaire	Night Eating Syndrome
Wołyńczyk-Gmaj et al. [22]	2017	Poland	Single	266	28–41	Single question	Awake at night and eat

TDEI, total daily energy intake.