Table 2.
Comparisons of individual components of HEI-SG between day eaters and night eaters (n = 974) at 26–28 weeks gestation.
| Component | Day Eaters (n = 834) | Night Eaters (n = 140) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | p-Value | |
| Total fruit | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 0.045 |
| Whole fruit | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 0.091 |
| Total vegetables | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 0.535 |
| Dark green leafy and orange vegetables | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 0.898 |
| Total rice and alternatives | 8.8 ± 0.1 | 8.5 ± 0.3 | 0.312 |
| Whole grains | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 0.047 |
| Total protein foods | 7.7 ± 0.1 | 8.1 ± 0.4 | 0.325 |
| Dairy | 5.6 ± 0.2 | 5.1 ± 0.6 | 0.448 |
| Total fat | 6.4 ± 0.2 | 5.8 ± 0.5 | 0.306 |
| Saturated fat | 6.4 ± 0.1 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 0.100 |
| Use of antenatal supplements | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.160 |
| HEI-SG | 52.0 ± 0.6 | 46.9 ± 1.8 | 0.008 |
Data were drawn from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes study and analyzed using general linear models, adjusting for maternal age, ethnicity, educational level, early pregnancy body mass index and total daily energy intake. HEI-SG, Healthy Eating Index for pregnant women in Singapore; day eaters, consumption of ≥50% of total daily energy intake between 7:00 a.m.–6:59 p.m.; night eaters, consumption of >50% of total daily energy intake between 7:00 p.m.–6:59 a.m.; SE, standard error. p-Value was based on independent t-test, p < 0.05 indicates statistical significant.