Table 1.

Studies evaluating probiotic use in celiac disease in vitro, ex vivo, and in animal models.

Author, Year	Composition, Strains	Duration of Administration	Study Design	Aims and Findings	Meaning
Lindfors K. et al., 2008 [50].	Bifidobacterium lactis	In vitro study	-	Inhibit the gluten/gliadin-induced damage in the small-intestinal mucosa.	Inhibition dose-dependent to increased epithelial gliadin-induced permeability and stimulation of IL-10 production by regulatory T-cells.
D’Arienzo et al., 2011 [51].	Lactobacillus casei ATCC 9595	35 days	Animal study	Complete recovery of villous blunting, decreased weight loss and recovered basal TNF-α levels.	L. casei was effective in rescuing the normal mucosal architecture and Gut associated lymphoid tissue homeostasis.
Laparra et al., 2012 [52].	Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347	10 days from birth	Animal study	In gluten-sensitized animals B. longum administration increased NFκB expression, IL-10, CD8+, but reduced TNF-α expression, CD4+ and CD4+/Fox3+ cell populations.	B. longum regulates inflammatory cytokine production and CD4+ T cell mediated immune response in an animal model of gliadin induced enteropathy.
Papista et al., 2012 [53].	Saccharomyces boulardi KK1 strain, hydrolyzed the 28-kDa gliadin fraction	30 days	Animal study	S. boulardi administration improved enteropathy development, decreased epithelial cell expression of CD71 and localized cytokine production.	A new mouse model for human CD based on histopathological features and common biomarkers. S. boulardi showed activity in the treatment of CD by reversing disease development.

Celiac disease (CD), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α).