Table 4.
Preliminary reports have been published in other investigational areas.
| Author, Year | Study Type | Intervention | Main Endpoints | Results | Brief Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Numan 2007 [138] | Pilot study | Anti-Clostridium difficile WP concentrate | Prevention of relapse of Clostridium difficile infection | 10% relapse rate in comparison to 20–25% relapse rate in a control contemporary cohort | Waiting for confirmation in RCT |
| Coker 2012 [139] | RCT during caloric restriction | Meal replacement with WP and EAA vs. a standard meal replacement | Weight loss preserving lean tissue (muscle mass) | WP + EAA was effective in weight reduction promoting preferential reduction of adipose tissue | Small sample size (12 subjects) |
| Ooi 2015 [140] | RCT | 30 g WP supplementation vs. a high CHO energy match supplementation | Weight reduction and reduction of hepatic steatosis in women | No difference in weight reduction or hepatic steatosis | WP supplementation may reduce hepatic steatosis despite weight gain |
| Dhillon 2017 [141] | RCT crossover design | WP isolate (50 g) vs. soy protein isolate (50 g) | Bioavailability of folates and Vitamin B12 in elderly with subclinical deficiencies | WP isolate was superior to soy in improving active B12 and folate status | - |
| Song 2018 [142] | Blind sensory analysis | Rye bread and cream cheese enriched with:
|
Consumer acceptance | Better acceptance of WP hydrolysate in bread and of WP isolate in cheese | Developing protein enriched food may increase protein intake in elderly but innovation in protein enriched appealing food is challenging |
RCT: Randomized Control Trial; WP: Whey protein; EAA: Essential Amino Acids; CHO: Carbohydrates.