Table 3.
Sociodemographic variables in the Nutritional Study in Spanish Pediatric Population (EsNuPI; n = 1512).
| Variables | Spanish Reference Cohort (SRS) | Adapted Milk Consumers Cohort(AMS) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 1 to <3 Years | 3 to <6 Years | 6 to <10 Years (n = 315) | Total | 1 to <3 Years | 3 to <6 Years | 6 to <10 Years | |
| (n = 740) | (n = 169) | (n = 256) | (n = 772) | (n = 302) | (n = 277) | (n = 193) | ||
| Energy expenditure Moderate–vigorous physical activity (minutes/day) | 402.9 ± 282.0 | 236.4 ± 226.0 a | 392.1 ± 238.5 b | 501.6 ± 298.1 c | 356.8 ± 273.1 * | 235.2 ± 199.1 a | 357.0 ± 196.3 b | 546.4 ± 350.1 c |
| PAL (per 24 h) | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.3 a | 1.5 ± 0.2 a | 1.6 ± 0.2 b |
| BMI-for-age z-score | 0.6 ± 1.8 | 0.7 ± 1.7 | 0.7 ± 2.1 | 0.4 ± 1.7 | 0.6 ± 1.8 | 1.0 ± 2.1 a | 0.4 ± 1.7 b,* | 0.4 ± 1.4 b |
| Parental education | ||||||||
| a. Low (less than 10 years of education; the primary school or less) | 22.0% (163) | 26.6% (45) | 18.4% (47) | 22.5% (71) | 18.5% (143) | 18.5% (56) | 17.0% (47) | 20.7% (40) |
| b. Medium (12 years of education; higher secondary education) | 44.2% (327) | 36.7% (62) | 45.7% (117) | 47.0% (148) | 42.2% (326) | 39.4% (119) | 44.4% (123) | 43.5% (84) |
| c. High (13 years or more of education; higher vocational, college and university studies) | 33.8% (250) | 36.7% (62) | 35.9% (92) | 30.5% (96) | 39.3% (303) | 42.1% (127) | 38.6% (107) | 35.8% (69) |
| Household income | ||||||||
| a. Low | 9.6% (71) | 13.6% (23) | 6.3% (16) | 10.2% (32) | 9.0% (69) | 8.6% (26) *.* | 9.0% (25) | 9.3% (18) |
| b. Mid-low | 14.3% (106) | 15.4% (26) | 16.4% (42) | 12.1% (38) | 12.7% (98) | 8.9% (27) ** | 13.0% (36) | 18.1% (35) |
| c. High (mid-mid, mid-high and high) | 49.4% (366) | 43.8% (74) | 52.3% (134) | 50.1% (158) | 50.1% (387) | 53.0% (160) ** | 48.4% (134) | 48.2% (93) |
| d.- DK/NA/REF | 26.7% (197) | 27.2% (46) | 25.0% (64) | 27.6% (87) | 28.2% (218) | 29.5% (89) ** | 29.6% (82) | 24.4% (47) |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Differences among age groups within the same cohorts (SRS or AMS) were calculated using an H Kruskal–Wallis test corrected by Bonferroni post hoc test. Significant differences among age groups within samples are expressed with different superscript letters (p < 0.05). * Differences between SRS and AMS for the considered age groups were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test. ** A chi-squared test was used to compare the percentage differences between parental education and household income variables in SRS and AMS children, SRS vs. AMS and the age comparison. Abbreviations: BMI-for-age, body mass index for age; DK, do not know; NA, not available; PAL, physical activity level; REF, refusal.