Table 1.

Phage amplification-based detection assays published since 2016.

Phage	Target	Readout	Application, Sample	Application, Assay	DETL *	DETT *	Reference
Phage K	Staphylococcus spp.	bioluminescence	prosthetic joint sonicate fluid (SF)	detection within SF of infected prosthetic joints using an ATP bioluminescence assay	103 CFU/mL	4 h	[53]
T7	Escherichia coli	fluorescence microscopy	food, various	visualization of eDNA release after phage induced lysis	10 CFU/mL	8 h	[82]
MS2	Escherichia coli	immunoassay	laboratory	phage amplification coupled, bead-based sandwich-type immunoassay	102 CFU	3 h	[75]
A511	Listeria monocytogenes	immunoassay, SERS-LFI	laboratory	antibody-conjugated SERS nanoparticles as quantifiable reporter	5 × 104 CFU/mL	8 h	[73]
Phage K	Staphylococcus aureus	MALDI-MS	laboratory	detection of Staphylococcus aureus and antibiotic susceptibility testing	n/a	n/a	[85]
Phage 10	S. Typhimurium	optical, absorbance	animal rectal swabs	absence of bacterial growth as indicator for phage activity	103 CFU/mL	30 h	[86]
DN1, UP2, UP5	S. Typhi and Paratyphi	optical, colorimetric	laboratory	absence or delay of color change as indicator for phage activity, differentiation between serovars	10 CFU/mL	6 h	[81]
T7	E. coli	colorimetry	laboratory	detection based on the enzyme-induced silver deposition on gold nanorods detected by LSPR	104 CFU/mL	n/a	[87]
ST560Ø	Salmonella typhi	plaques	laboratory, water	detection of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state Salmonella typhi after starvation	n/a	n/a	[52]
PA phage	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	plaques	laboratory, water	detection of VBNC state P. aeruginosa after water disinfection by photocatalytic treatment	n/a	n/a	[67]
D29	Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP)	plaques, PCR	whole blood	bacteriophage amplification-based detection from PBMCs, end-point PCR	n/a	n/a	[51]
D29	Mycobacterium bovis	DNA amplification	blood	phage amplification coupled RPA	10 CFU/mL	48 h	[68]
rV5, AG2A	Escherichia coli	qRT-PCR	food, various	capture by paper dipstick and PMMD of E. coli and Salmonella in spinach and ground beef	10 CFU/mL	8 h	[55]
CGG4-1	Salmonella Newport	qRT-PCR	food, chicken broth	paper dipstick-mediated capture and PMMD of E. coli and Salmonella	50 CFU/mL	8 h	[55]
Tb, Fz, Wb, S708, Bk	Brucella abortus	qRT-PCR	laboratory, simulated blood	PMMD of Brucella abortus	1 CFU/mL	72 h	[76]
Phage K	Staphylococcus aureus	qRT-PCR (RNA)	laboratory	PMMD and antibiotic susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus aureus	102 CFU	3–5 h	[54]
Phage Gamma	Bacillus antracis	qRT-PCR (RNA)	laboratory	PMMD and antibiotic susceptibility testing of Bacillus anthracis	n/a	n/a	[54]

n/a, not available; DETL, detection limit, DETT; overall detection time; PMMD, phage-mediated molecular detection; RPA, recombinase polymerase amplification; * DETL and DETT are reported for individual assays as they were derived or provided from the source articles.