Table 1.

Behavioral ethogram of dromedaries.

	Behavior	Definition
Behavior state	Standing	Camel stands in inactive upright posture on all four feet with no movement.
	Lying	Camel body contacts the ground or camel sits in sternal recumbency.
	Walking	Camel does more than 2 complete steps.
	Ruminating	Camel regurgitates a bolus of food into the mouth, then rechews and re-swallows it while standing or lying down.
Sexual behavior events	Teeth grinding	Camel moves lower jaw left and right with mouth closed, grinding the teeth and producing a typical squeaking/whistling sound.
	Blathering	Camel emits typical gurgling and roaring sounds
	Dulla extruding	Camel exteriorizes the soft palate, usually known as the “dulla’’.
	Tail flapping	Camel holds tail under the prepuce, then beats it up and down 4 to 5 times, spreading urine over the croup and surrounding areas.
	Leg opening	Camel splays hind legs until they form an angle of at least 45 degrees.
	Urinating	Camel eliminates urine.