Table 5.

Effects of social contact, movement control and their interaction on liver and kidney function indicators and redox status indicators of male dromedaries during the rutting season.

Factor	Variables
	Liver and Kidney Function Indicators				Redox Status Indicators
	AST (U/L)	ALT (U/L)	Creatinine (mg/dL)	Urea (mg/dL)	MDA (nmol/mL)	TAC (mM/L)	NO (µmol/L)
Social contact
Single	23.00 a	20.24	1.46	13.77	1.63	1.69 a	70.50
Group	21.06 b	21.39	1.33	13.45	1.97	1.41 b	73.56
SEM	3.65	2.36	0.021	0.675	0.129	0.058	1.27
p value	0.003	0.095	0.067	0.737	0.074	0.004	0.093
Movement control
Tied	12.99 c	15.99 c	1.48	14.79	1.48 b	1.84 a	62.21 c
Fenced	22.34 b	22.22 b	1.39	13.82	2.10 a	1.43 b	72.00 b
Exercised	30.66 a	25.83 a	1.28	12.22	1.93 ab	1.63 ab	85.17 a
SEM	4.04	1.87	0.059	0.728	0.169	0.075	1.52
p value	<0.001	<0.001	0.094	0.103	0.031	<0.001	<0.001
Social contact × movement control
Single-tied	10.87 c	15.9 d	1.58	14.98	1.35	1.98 a	60.50 c
Single-fenced	12.41 bc	21.30 c	1.47	14.00	1.87	1.57 bc	70.33 b
Single-exercised	13.27ab	25.00 ab	1.30	12.33	1.77	1.53 bc	84.00 a
Group-tied	12.77 bc	16.14 d	1.38	14.61	1.61	1.70 b	63.91 c
Group-fenced	15.15 a	23.10 bc	1.31	13.63	2.33	1.30 cd	73.67 b
Group-exercised	15.53 a	26.67 a	1.27	12.11	2.00	1.21 d	86.33 a
SEM	5.72	0.89	0.07	1.19	0.23	0.11	1.86
p value	<0.001	<0.001	0.093	0.997	0.076	0.011	<0.001

AST—aminase; ALT—alanine transaminase; TAC—total antioxidant capacity; MDA—malondialdehyde; NO—nitric oxide; means ± SEM in each column with no common superscript letter differ significantly (p < 0.05).