Table 2.
Grip strength by different diabetes status in 2516 men and 6664 women
| Normoglycaemia | IFG only | IGT only | IFG + IGT | T2DM | Known T2DM | P for trend† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | |||||||
| Number of subjects | 1271 | 224 | 363 | 150 | 209 | 299 | |
| Relative grip strength max† | 1.38 (1.34, 1.42) | 1.37 (1.33, 1.40) | 1.36 (1.32, 1.39) | 1.35 (1.30, 1.39) | 1.33 (1.29, 1.38) | 1.32 (1.27, 1.37) | 0.02 |
| Relative grip strength mean† | 1.30 (1.27, 1.34) | 1.29 (1.26, 1.33) | 1.28 (1.25, 1.31) | 1.27 (1.24, 1.31) | 1.26 (1.22, 1.30) | 1.25 (1.21, 1.29) | 0.01 |
| Relative grip strength left† | 1.30 (1.26, 1.33) | 1.28 (1.25, 1.32) | 1.27 (1.23, 1.31) | 1.26 (1.22, 1.30) | 1.25 (1.21, 1.29) | 1.24 (1.19, 1.29) | 0.01 |
| Relative grip strength right† | 1.31 (1.27, 1.35) | 1.30 (1.27, 1.33) | 1.29 (1.26, 1.33) | 1.28 (1.25, 1.32) | 1.27 (1.23, 1.31) | 1.26 (1.22, 1.31) | 0.01 |
| Absolute grip strength, kg†† | 32.76 (31.88, 33.65) | 32.52 (31.68, 33.36) | 32.27 (31.43, 33.12) | 32.03 (31.14, 32.92) | 31.79 (30.80, 32.77) | 31.54 (30.44, 32.64) | 0.03 |
| Women | |||||||
| Number of subjects | 3395 | 487 | 993 | 391 | 558 | 840 | |
| Relative grip strength max† | 0.91 (0.89, 0.92) | 0.90 (0.89, 0.92) | 0.90 (0.89, 0.91) | 0.90 (0.88, 0.91) | 0.89 (0.87, 0.91) | 0.88 (0.86, 0.90) | 0.03 |
| Relative grip strength mean† | 0.86 (0.84, 0.87) | 0.85 (0.84, 0.87) | 0.85 (0.84, 0.86) | 0.85 (0.84, 0.86) | 0.85 (0.83, 0.86) | 0.84 (0.83, 0.86) | 0.17 |
| Relative grip strength left† | 0.85 (0.84, 0.86) | 0.85 (0.83, 0.86) | 0.84 (0.83, 0.86) | 0.84 (0.83, 0.85) | 0.84 (0.82, 0.85) | 0.83 (0.81, 0.85) | 0.15 |
| Relative grip strength right† | 0.86 (0.85, 0.88) | 0.86 (0.85, 0.87) | 0.86 (0.85, 0.87) | 0.86 (0.84, 0.87) | 0.85 (0.84, 0.87) | 0.85 (0.83, 0.87) | 0.15 |
| Absolute grip strength, kg†† | 20.82 (20.49, 21.14) | 20.72 (20.43, 20.01) | 20.62 (20.33, 20.91) | 20.52 (20.20, 20.85) | 20.42 (20.04, 20.81) | 20.33 (19.87, 20.78) | 0.07 |
| Total | |||||||
| Number of subjects | 4666 | 711 | 1356 | 541 | 767 | 1139 | |
| Relative grip strength max$ | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.00) | 0.005 |
| Relative grip strength mean$ | 0.96 (0.95, 0.97) | 0.95 (0.95, 0.96) | 0.95 (0.94, 0.96) | 0.94 (0.94, 0.95) | 0.94 (0.93, 0.95) | 0.94 (0.92, 0.95) | 0.03 |
| Relative grip strength left$ | 0.95 (0.94, 0.96) | 0.94 (0.94, 0.95) | 0.94 (0.93, 0.94) | 0.93 (0.92, 0.94) | 0.93 (0.91, 0.94) | 0.92 (0.91, 0.94) | 0.02 |
| Relative grip strength right$ | 0.97 (0.96, 0.98) | 0.97 (0.96, 0.97) | 0.96 (0.95, 0.97) | 0.96 (0.95, 0.97) | 0.95 (0.94, 0.96) | 0.95 (0.93, 0.96) | 0.02 |
| Absolute grip strength, kg$$ | 23.79 (23.58, 24.06) | 23.67 (23.50, 23.84) | 23.54 (23.38, 23.71) | 23.42 (23.21, 23.63) | 23.30 (23.01, 23.58) | 23.17 (22.81, 23.53) | 0.008 |
Results were shown as mean (95% confidence interval), except for numbers
†: Adjusted for age, education, smoking status, alcohol use, physical activity, body fat percentage and waist circumference
††: Adjusted for age, education, smoking status, alcohol use, physical activity, body fat percentage and waist circumference and body mass index (BMI)
$: Adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking status, alcohol use, physical activity, body fat percentage and waist circumference
$$: Adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking status, alcohol use, physical activity, body fat percentage and waist circumference and BMI
IFG impaired fasting glucose, IGT impaired glucose tolerance, T2DM type 2 diabetes; relative grip strength max, maximal of the average of the right or the left grip strength divided by BMI; Relative grip strength mean, the mean of the average of both the right and the left grip strength divided by BMI; Relative grip strength left, the average of the left grip strength divided by BMI; Relative grip strength right, the average of the right grip strength divided by BMI; Absolute grip strength, maximal of the average of the right or the left grip strength