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. 2020 Oct 12;20:496. doi: 10.1186/s12935-020-01581-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — The mechanisms of ceRNA regulatory networks. CeRNAs and mRNAs share a pool of miRNAs, and the competition for miRNAs leads to a dynamic regulation of the expression level of mRNAs. a ceRNA with up-regulated miRNA response elements (MREs) can “absorb” more miRNAs, thus the mRNA expression is increased. b When the MRE is down-regulated, miRNAs tend to bind with and silence mRNAs, leading to a decrease in mRNA expression. c miRNA up-regulation exceeds the “sponge effect” of ceRNAs, and mRNA expression is inhibited by excessive miRNAs. d miRNA level is decreased, and mRNA can be expressed normally. In addition, the subtle regulation of one certain mRNA can be achieved by the interactions of multiple miRNAs and ceRNAs