Table 3.

Recent studies involving iPSC-CMs and electrospun scaffolds [76,77,78,79,80,81].

Publication	Electrospun Scaffold Material	Aim	Outcome
Joanne et al. (2016) [80]	Collagen	Use ES collagen scaffolds to deliver iPSC-CMs to the heart to induce cardiac remodeling in dilated cardiomyopathy	Collagen scaffolds exhibited high biocompatibility; iPSC-CMs delivered by ES scaffolds demonstrated improved cardiac function, scaffold vascularization, and scaffold adherence
Li et al. (2016) [77]	PMGI	Observe the activity of patterned human iPSC-CMs on aligned ES PMGI fibers through extracellular recording	Recordings showed iPSC-CMs organized into mature tissues oriented anisotropically along aligned ES fibers; recordings showed premature CM beating, higher signal amplitude, and higher T-wave detection probability compared to iPSC-CMs on non-aligned fibers; recordings showed that iPSC-CMs on aligned scaffolds exhibited anisotropic field potential propagation
Wanjare et al. (2017) [78]	PCL	Mimic highly ordered physiology and function of native CMs using anisotropic, microfibrous, ES PCL scaffolds seeded with human iPSC-CMs; compare the cellular response to anisotropic scaffolds vs. randomly oriented scaffolds	ES scaffolds with anisotropically aligned microfibers induced iPSC-CM alignment 2 days post-seeding, and promoted greater iPSC-CM maturation and higher maximum contraction velocity of iPSC-CMs, compared to ES scaffolds with randomly oriented fibers
Han et al. (2016) [79]	PCL	Seed human iPSC-CMs onto ES PCL scaffolds, using the anisotropic alignment of the PCL fibers to facilitate human iPSC-CMs’ mimicry of the longitudinal alignment into parallel bundles exhibited by CMs in in vivo adult myocardium	Cell alignment alone is insufficient to facilitate increased maturation in iPSC-CMs, based on the assessment of various gene expressions
Khan et al. (2015) [76]	PLGA	Compare morphological and functional changes in human iPSC-CMs cultured on highly-aligned, nanofibrous ES PLGA scaffold vs. standard flat culture plate	iPSC-CMs aligned symmetrically to ES PLGA fibers and demonstrated more rapid calcium cycling than CMs cultured on a flat plate; CMs expressed α-actinin, TnT, and Cx43 in vitro
Chun et al. (2015) [81]	Combinatorial polymer of PCL, PEG, and cPCL	Use ES combinatorial polymer matrices to facilitate in vitro maturation of iPSC-CMs	iPSC-CMs cultured onto 4%PEG-96%PCL exhibited the greatest contractility and mitochondrial function, TnI isoform switch from fetal ssTNI to postnatal cTNI, and increased expression of genes encoding intermediate filaments that transduce integrin-mediated mechanical signals to microfilaments

ES = electrospun, iPSC-CM = induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte, PCL = polycaprolactone, PEG = polyethylene glycol, cPCL = carboxylated polycaprolactone, PLGA = polylactide-co-glycolide, PMGI = polydimethylglutarimide, TnI = troponin I, ssTNI= slow skeletal troponin I, cTnI = cardiac troponin I, TnT = troponin T, Cx43 = connexin 43.