Table 4.
Factors associated with utilisation of modern contraceptives among married women in Ethiopia (N=8473)
| Predictors | Model 2* AOR (95% CI) |
Model 3† AOR (95% CI) |
Model 4‡ AOR (95% CI) |
| Level 1 predictor variables | |||
| Age (years) | |||
| 15–19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 20–24 | 1.21 (0.94 to 1.55) | 1.27 (0.91 to 1.76) | 1.26 (0.91 to 1.76) |
| 25–29 | 0.92 (0.71 to 1.18) | 0.94 (0.67 to 1.31) | 0.93 (0.67 to 1.30) |
| 30–34 | 0.74 (0.57 to 0.97) | 0.74 (0.52 to 1.04) | 0.74 (0.52 to 1.04) |
| 35–39 | 0.60 (0.45 to 0.79) | 0.56 (0.40 to 0.80) | 0.56 (0.39 to 0.80) |
| 40–44 | 0.50 (0.37 to 0.67) | 0.45 (0.31 to 0.65) | 0.45 (0.31 to 0.65) |
| 45–49 | 0.20 (0.14 to 0.28) | 0.18 (0.12 to 0.27) | 0.18 (0.12 to 0.27) |
| Husband/partner’s level of education | |||
| No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 1.38 (1.21 to 1.57) | 1.55 (1.18 to 2.04) | 1.54 (1.18 to 2.02) |
| Secondary | 1.18 (0.98 to 1.42) | 1.29 (0.96 to 1.74) | 1.29 (0.96 to 1.73) |
| Higher | 0.88 (0.72 to 1.08) | 1.06 (0.77 to 1.45) | 1.05 (0.77 to 1.44) |
| Wealth quintile | |||
| Lowest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second | 1.96 (1.62 to 2.38) | 1.96 (1.27 to 3.02) | 1.95 (1.27 to 2.99) |
| Middle | 2.53 (2.09 to 3.07) | 2.66 (1.72 to 4.13) | 2.65 (1.72 to 4.08) |
| Fourth | 3.14 (2.58 to 3.82) | 3.46 (2.23 to 5.37) | 3.42 (2.21 to 5.28) |
| Highest | 5.09 (4.17 to 6.22) | 5.45 (3.56 to 8.33) | 5.26 (3.46 to 7.99) |
| No of living children | |||
| 0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–4 | 2.04 (1.66 to 2.50) | 2.31 (1.65 to 3.23) | 2.31 (1.64 to 3.25) |
| ≥5 | 1.96 (1.52 to 2.52) | 2.05 (1.40 to 3.00) | 2.05 (1.40 to 3.01) |
| Exposure to family planning messages | |||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.49 (1.28 to 1.72) | 1.68 (1.20 to 2.34) | 1.68 (1.20 to 2.36) |
| Level 2 predictor variables | |||
| General service readiness | |||
| Health facility management system | 1.27 (0.05 to 35.69) | ||
| Health facility infrastructure | 1.51 (0.18 to 12.95) | ||
| Family planning service availability | |||
| Long-acting contraceptive methods | 5.04 (0.19 to 136.21) | ||
| Short-term contraceptive methods | 1.79 (0.03 to 103.48) | ||
| Family planning service readiness | |||
| Long-acting contraceptives | 0.43 (0.01 to 17.12) | ||
| Short-term contraceptives | 20.49 (1.44 to 29.54) | ||
| Average distance to the nearest health facility | 1.02 (0.81 to 1.28) | ||
The bold values indicate a statistically significant association at a 95% confidence interval.
*Model 2 is adjusted for individual-level factors.
†Model 3 is random slope and random intercept model adjusted for individual-level factors.
‡Model 4 is the final model adjusted for individual-level and region-level factors. N.B. Model 1 (empty model) is not included in this table (but is in table 5).