Table 2.
Expected years of life (EYL) and EYL lost during 25 years of follow-up for patients with one or more chronic diseases leading to hospitalisation by age 30, 40 or 50 years and age-matched and sex-matched individuals from the general population without chronic disease, by number of conditions and by socioeconomic factors and psychiatric conditions, overall and by number of chronic diseases
| Aged 30 years | Aged 40 years | Aged 50 years | |||||||
| 25-year EYL (95% CI) | 25-year EYL (95% CI) | 25-year EYL (95% CI) | |||||||
| Patients | General population | Difference (EYL lost) | Patients | General population | Difference (EYL lost) | Patients | General population | Difference (EYL lost) | |
| Morbidity | |||||||||
| One disease | 22.8 (22.6 to 22.9) | 24.5 (24.4 to 24.5) | 1.7 (1.6 to 1.8) | 20.9 (20.8 to 21.0) | 23.9 (23.8–23.9) | 3.0 (2.9–3.1) | 17.6 (17.5 to 17.7) | 22.2 (22.17–22.24) | 4.6 (4.5–4.7) |
| Two diseases | 19.3 (18.8 to 19.8) | 24.5 (24.4 to 24.6) | 5.2 (4.7 to 5.6) | 16.2 (15.8 to 16.7) | 23.8 (23.7–23.9) | 7.5 (7.2–7.9) | 12.8 (12.5 to 13.1) | 22.2 (22.1–22.2) | 9.3 (9.1–9.6) |
| Three or more diseases | 13.7 (12.3 to 16.2) | 24.1 (24.1 to 24.6) | 10.4 (8.7 to 12.1) | 11.6 (10.4 to 12.8) | 23.8 (23.6–24.1) | 12.2 (11.2–13.1) | 8.8 (8.2 to 9.4) | 22.2 (22-0-22.4) | 13.4 (12.9–13.9) |
| All patients | |||||||||
| Income | |||||||||
| Low | 21.3 (21.0 to 21.5) | 24.2 (24.1 to 24.2) | 2.9 (2.7 to 3.1) | 19.0 (18.8 to 19.2) | 23.5 (23.4–23.6) | 4.5 (4.3–4.7) | 15.2 (15.0 to 15.3) | 21.6 (21.5–21.7) | 6.4 (6.3–6.6) |
| Intermediate | 22.7 (22.6 to 23.0) | 24.5 (24.5 to 24.6) | 1.8 (1.6 to 2.0) | 20.5 (20.3 to 20.7) | 23.8 (23.8–23.9) | 3.4 (3.2–3.5) | 17.2 (17.0 to 17.4) | 22.4 (22.3–22.4) | 5.2 (5.0–5.4) |
| High | 22.8 (22.6 to 23.1) | 24.6 (24.5 to 24.6) | 1.7 (1.5 to 2.0) | 21.1 (20.9 to 21.4) | 23.9 (23.9–24.0) | 2.8 (2.6–3.0) | 17.7 (17.5 to 17.9) | 22.2 (22.1–22.2) | 4.5 (4.3–4.7) |
| Very high | 23.0 (22.9 to 23.4) | 24.6 (24.6 to 24.7) | 1.56 (1.4 to 1.8) | 21.7 (21.4 to 21.9) | 24.1 (24.0–24.1) | 2.4 (2.3–2.6) | 18.2 (18.0 to 18.4) | 22.6 (22.6–22.7) | 4.4 (4.2–4.6) |
| Employment | |||||||||
| Early retirement | 19.9 (19.5 to 20.3) | 23.7 (23.5 to 23.8) | 3.8 (3.5 to 4.2) | 17.7 (17.4 to 18.0) | 22.6 (22.5–22.7) | 4.9 (4.7–5.2) | 14.4 (17.9 to 18.2) | 20.7 (20.6–20.8) | 6.3 (6.1–6.5) |
| Unemployed | 22.6 (22.2 to 22.9) | 24.2 (24.1 to 24.3) | 1.6 (1.3 to 1.9) | 19.7 (19.3 to 20.2) | 23.1 (22.9–23.2) | 3.4 (3.0–3.8) | 16.6 (16.2 to 17.1) | 21.0 (20.8–21.1) | 4.4 (3.9–4.8) |
| Employed | 23.0 (22.8 to 23.1) | 24.6 (24.6 to 24.6) | 1.6 (1.5 to 1.7) | 21.2 (21.1 to 21.4) | 24.0 (24.0–24.0) | 2.8 (2.7–2.9) | 18.1 (17.9 to 18.2) | 22.5 (22.5–22.6) | 4.5 (4.4–4.6) |
| Education | |||||||||
| Primary school | 21.9 (21.8 to 22.2) | 24.3 (24.2 to 24.3) | 2.4 (2.2 to 2.5) | 20.0 (19.8 to 20.2) | 23.6 (23.5–23.6) | 3.6 (3.4–3.8) | 16.6 (16.5 to 16.8) | 22.0 (21.9–22.0) | 5.4 (5.3–5.5) |
| Youth education/high school | 22.6 (22.4 to 22.8) | 24.5 (24.5 to 24.6) | 2.0 (1.8 to 2.1) | 20.5 (20.4 to 20.7) | 23.9 (23.9–24.0) | 3.4 (3.2–3.6) | 16.9 (16.7 to 17.0) | 22.3 (22.2–22.3) | 5.4 (5.3–5.6) |
| Higher education | 23.4 (23.1 to 23.6) | 24.7 (24.7 to 24.8) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.6) | 21.4 (21.2 to 21.7) | 24.2 (24.2–24.3) | 2.9 (2.6–3.1) | 18.1 (17.8 to 18.4) | 23.0 (22.9–23.0) | 4.9 (4.6–5.2) |
| Psychiatric conditions | |||||||||
| Schizophrenia | 18.1 (15.8 to 19.8) | 21.7 (20.8 to 22.5) | 3.6 (1.8 to 5.5) | 16.9 (15.6 to 18.4) | 20.4 (19.7–21.0) | 3.5 (2.2–4.8) | 12.3 (11.1 to 13.5) | 18.4 (17.8–19.0) | 6.1 (5.0–7.2) |
| Bipolar disorder, depression and recurrent depression | 20.4 (18.6 to 21.7) | 22.9 (22.3 to 23.6) | 2.5 (0.9 to 4.1) | 18.0 (17.1 to 18.8) | 21.4 (20.9–21.8) | 3.4 (2.5–4.2) | 14.4 (13.8 to 15.1) | 20.0 (19.7–20.3) | 5.6 (5.0–6.2) |
| Schizotypal disorder | 19.1 (16.1 to 21.5) | 21.3 (19.5 to 22.5) | 2.2 (-0.6 to 4.9) | 18.4 (15.6 to 20.5) | 20.5 (19.2–21.6) | 2.1 (-0.3–4.5) | 13.9 (10.3 to 17.4) | 19.0 (17.3–20.6) | 5.1 (1.7–8.4) |
| Personality disorders | 19.4 (18.7 to 20.1) | 22.5 (22.4 to 23.1) | 3.2 (2.5 to 3.9) | 17.9 (17.4 to 18.3) | 21.5 (21.3–21.8) | 3.7 (3.2–4.1) | 14.6 (14.3 to 15.0) | 19.6 (19.4–19.9) | 5.0 (4.5–5.3) |
| Other mental illness | 18.7 (18.2 to 19.2) | 22.2 (21.9 to 22.5) | 3.5 3.0 to 4.0) | 16.4 (16.1 to 16.8) | 20.4 (20.2–20.7) | 4.0 (3.6–4.4) | 13.0 (12.7 to 13.3) | 18.0 (17.8–18.2) | 5.0 (4.7–5.3) |
| Two diseases | |||||||||
| Income | |||||||||
| Low | 21.8 (21.5 to 22.0) | 24.2 (24.1 to 24.2) | 2.4 (2.2 to 2.6) | 19.8 (19.6 to 20.0) | 23.5 (23.4–23.6) | 3.7 (3.5–4.0) | 16.2 (16.0 to 16.4) | 21.6 (21.5–21.7) | 5.4 (5.3–5.6) |
| Intermediate | 23.1 (22.9 to 23.3) | 24.5 (24.5 to 24.6) | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.6) | 21.0 (20.8 to 21.2) | 23.8 (23.8–23.9) | 2.9 (2.7–3.0) | 17.9 (17.7 to 18.2) | 22.4 (22.3–22.5) | 4.5 (4.3–4.7) |
| High | 23.2 (22.9 to 23.4) | 24.6 (24.5 to 24.6) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7) | 21.5 (21.3 to 21.8) | 23.9 (23.9–24.0) | 2.4 (2.2–2.6) | 18.3 (18.1 to 18.5) | 22.2 (22.1–22.2) | 3.9 (3.7–4.0) |
| Very high | 23.3 (23.1 to 23.6) | 24.6 (24.6 to 24.7) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.5) | 22.0 (21.8 to 22.2) | 24.1 (24.1–24.1) | 2.1 (1.9–2.3) | 18.7 (18.5 to 19.0) | 22.6 (22.5–22.7) | 3.9 (3.7–4.1) |
| Employment | |||||||||
| Early retirement | 20.5 (20.1 to 20.9) | 23.7 (23.5 to 23.8) | 3.1 (2.8 to 3.5) | 21.7 (21.5 to 21.8) | 24.0 (24.0–24.1) | 4.0 (3.8–4.3) | 18.6 (18.5 to 18.8) | 22.5 (22.5–22.6) | 5.2 (5.0–5.4) |
| Unemployed | 22.8 (22.4 to 23.1) | 24.2 (24.1 to 24.3) | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.78) | 20.0 (19.6 to 20.5) | 23.1 (22.9–23.3) | 3.1 (2.7–3.5) | 17.1 (16.6 to 17.6) | 21.0 (20.9–21.2) | 3.9 (3.5–4.4) |
| Employed | 23.3 (23.1 to 23.4) | 24.6 (24.6 to 24.6) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4) | 18.6 (18.3 to 18.9) | 22.6 (22.5–22.8) | 2.4 (2.3–2.5) | 15.5 (15.3 to 15.7) | 20.7 (20.6–20.8) | 3.9 (3.8–4.0) |
| Education | |||||||||
| Primary school | 22.4 (22.1 to 22.5) | 24.3 (24.2 to 24.3) | 2.0 (1.8 to 2.2) | 20.6 (20.4 to 20.8) | 23.6 (23.5–23.6) | 3.0 (2.9–3.2) | 17.4 (17.3 to 17.6) | 22.0 (21.9–22.0) | 4.6 (4.4–4.7) |
| Youth education, high school | 23.0 (22.8 to 23.2) | 24.5 (24.5 to 24.6) | 1.6 (1.4 to 1.7) | 21.1 (20.9 to 21.3) | 23.9 (23.9–24.0) | 2.9 (2.7–3.0) | 17.7 (17.5 to 17.9) | 22.3 (22.2–22.3) | 4.6 (4.5–4.8) |
| Higher education | 23.7 (23.4 to 23.9) | 24.7 (24.7 to 24.8) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.3) | 21.8 (21.6 to 22.2) | 24.2 (24.2–24.3) | 2.4 (2.1–2.6) | 18.9 (18.5 to 19.2) | 23.0 (22.9–23.0) | 4.1 (3.8–4.4) |
| Psychiatric conditions | |||||||||
| Schizophrenia | 18.2 (15.8 to 20.0) | 21.8 (20.8 to 22.6) | 3.7 (1.7 to 5.6) | 17.7 (16.2 to 19.2) | 20.3 (19.5–20.9) | 2.6 (1.2–3.9) | 13.0 (11.7 to 14.3) | 18.4 (17.8–19.1) | 5.4 (4.3–6.6) |
| Bipolar disorder, depression and recurrent depression | 20.6 (18.7 to 22.0) | 22.9 (22.3 to 23.7) | 2.3 (0.7 to 4.0) | 18.8 (17.8 to 19.7) | 21.4 (20.9–21.9) | 2.6 (1.6–3.5) | 15.4 (14.7 to 16.1) | 20.0 (19.6–20.3) | 4.6 (3.9–5.3) |
| Schizotypal disorder | 19.9 (16.7 to 22.2) | 21.2 (19.4 to 22.5) | 1.3 (-1.3 to 3.9) | 19.4 (16.5 to 21.4) | 20.6 (19.1–21.7) | 1.1 (-1.2–3.4) | 13.5 (9.6 to 17.8) | 19.0 (17.1–20.7) | 5.5 (1.9–9.1) |
| Personality disorders | 19.6 (18.9 to 20.3) | 22.6 (22.4 to 23.1) | 2.3 (2.2 to 3.7) | 18.4 (17.9 to 18.9) | 21.5 (21.2–21.8) | 3.1 (2.6–3.5) | 15.4 (15.0 to 15.8) | 19.6 (19.4–19.9) | 4.2 (3.9–4.6) |
| Other mental illness | 19.2 (18.7 to 19.8) | 22.2 (21.9 to 22.5) | 3.0 (2.4 to 3.5) | 17.2 (16.8 to 17.5) | 20.4 (20.2–20.7) | 3.3 (2.8–3.8) | 14.0 (13.6 to 14.3) | 18.0 (17.8–18.3) | 4.1 (3.8–4.4) |
| Two diseases | |||||||||
| Income | |||||||||
| Low | 17.9 (17.0 to 18.9) | 24.2 (23.9 to 24.4) | 6.2 (5.3 to 7.2) | 15.0 (14.3 to 15.7) | 23.4 (23.1–23.6) | 8.4 (7.7–9.1) | 11.7 (11.2 to 12.2) | 21.5 (21.3–21.7) | 9.9 (9.5–10.3) |
| Intermediate | 19.4 (18.5 to 20.7) | 24.5 (24.3 to 24.6) | 5.1 (4.1 to 6.0) | 16.0 (15.1 to 16.9) | 23.8 (23.6–23.9) | 7.8 (7.0–8.5) | 13.1 (12.4 to 13.7) | 22.2 (22.1–22.4) | 9.2 (8.7–9.6) |
| High | 19.9 (18.8 to 21.0) | 24.5 (24.4 to 24.6) | 4.5 (3.6 to 5.5) | 17.3 (16.3 to 18.4) | 23.9 (23.8–24.1) | 6.7 (5.8–7.5) | 13.7 (13.0 to 14.4) | 22.0 (21.9–22.2) | 8.3 (7.7–9.0) |
| Very high | 20.6 (19.3 to 21.7) | 24.6 (24.5 to 24.7) | 4.1 (3.1 to 5.1) | 18.2 (17.2 to 19.5) | 24.0 (23.9–24.2) | 5.7 (4.8–6.6) | 14.7 (13.9 to 15.5) | 22.7 (22.5–22.8) | 8.0 (7.4–8.6) |
| Employment | |||||||||
| Early retirement | 17.1 (15.8 to 18.2) | 23.6 (23.2 to 24.2) | 6.6 (5.2 to 8.0) | 17.4 (16.9 to 18.0) | 24.0 (23.9–24.1) | 8.4 (7.6–9.2) | 14.2 (13.8 to 14.6) | 22.5 (22.4–22.6) | 9.3 (8.8–9.7) |
| Unemployed | 19.9 (18.2 to 21.7) | 24.3 (23.9 to 24.5) | 4.3 (1.4 to 7.2) | 15.9 (14.0 to 17.7) | 22.8 (22.4–23.4) | 7.0 (5.5–8.4) | 12.9 (11.3 to 14.5) | 20.6 (20.1–21.0) | 7.7 (6.3–9.0) |
| Employed | 20.1 (19.5 to 20.7) | 24.6 (24.5 to 24.6) | 4.5 (3.9 to 5.0) | 14.0 (13.2 to 14.8) | 22.4 (21.9–22.8) | 6.5 (6.1–7.0) | 11.4 (10.9 to 11.8) | 20.6 (20.3–20.9) | 8.3 (7.9–8.7) |
| Education | |||||||||
| Primary school | 18.8 (18.0 to 19.7) | 24.3 (24.2 to 24.5) | 5.5 (4.6 to 6.4) | 15.5 (14.8 to 16.2) | 23.5 (23.3–23.7) | 8.0 (7.4–8.5) | 12.8 (12.4 to 13.3) | 21.9 (21.8–22.0) | 9.1 (8.8–9.4) |
| Youth education, high school | 19.6 (18.8 to 20.4) | 24.5 (24.4 to 24.6) | 4.9 (4.1 to 5.6) | 16.8 (16.1 to 17.5) | 23.9 (23.7–24.0) | 7.0 (6.4–7.6) | 13.0 (12.4 to 13.5) | 22.2 (22.0–22.4) | 9.2 (8.8–9.7) |
| Higher education | 20.7 (19.3 to 21.9) | 24.7 (24.6 to 24.8) | 4.0 (2.4 to 5.7) | 17.4 (16.3 to 18.6) | 24.2 (24.1–24.4) | 6.8 (5.8–7.9) | 13.4 (12.3 to 14.4) | 23.1 (22.9–23.2) | 9.7 (9.0–10.4) |
| Psychiatric conditions | |||||||||
| Schizophrenia | 14.1 (6.2 to 21.7) | 19.7 (15.4 to 22.4) | 5.6 (-2.9 to 14.1) | 9.7 (6.5 to 15.0) | 20.9 (18.7–22.7) | 11.2 (8.0–14.4) | 9.4 (6.4 to 12.7) | 18.3 (16.3–19.9) | 8.9 (5.6–12.3) |
| Bipolar disorder, depression and recurrent depression | 16.7 (9.4 to 22.4) | 19.3 (17.5 to 23.6) | 2.6 (-4.7 to 10.0) | 13.5 (10.8 to 16.0) | 21.1 (19.4–22.5) | 7.7 (5.0–10.4) | 11.6 (10.1 to 13.2) | 19.8 (18.7–20.7) | 8.2 (6.7–9.7) |
| Schizotypal disorder | 8.9 (1.5 to 19.1) | 20.3 (9.7 to 24.0) | 11.4 (-5.6 to 28.3) | 3.7 (1.0 to 14.9) | 19.4 (15.3–22.2) | 15.7 (10.8–20.6) | 12.9 (4.5 to 19.6) | 15.2 (10.6–21.4) | 2.3 (-5.8–10.5) |
| Personality disorders | 17.6 (15.4 to 19.8) | 21.7 (20.6 to 23.2) | 4.1 (0.9 to 7.3) | 14.6 (13.3 to 16.0) | 21.7 (20.8–22.5) | 7.1 (5.8–8.3) | 12.1 (11.2 to 13.1) | 19.7 (19.0–20.3) | 7.6 (6.8–8.4) |
| Other mental illness | 15.8 (14.3 to 17.5) | 21.8 (20.7 to 23.0) | 6.0 (4.3 to 7.7) | 13.0 (12.1 to 14.1) | 20.1 (19.1–20.9) | 7.0 (6.0–8.1) | 10.7 (10.0 to 11.4) | 17.8 (17.1–18.4) | 7.1 (6.4–7.9) |
| Three or more diseases | |||||||||
| Income | |||||||||
| Low | 12.3 (10.0 to 15.5) | 23.8 (23.1 to 24.6) | 11.5 (8.2 to 14.8) | 10.6 (9.2 to 12.2) | 23.3 (22.7–24.0) | 12.7 (11.1–14.4) | 7.9 (7.1 to 8.7) | 21.2 (20.8–21.8) | 13.4 (12.6–14.2) |
| Intermediate | 15.1 (11.5 to 19.3) | 23.1 (23.4 to 24.8) | 8.0 (3.6 to 12.4) | 14.0 (11.2 to 16.6) | 23.4 (23.0–24.1) | 9.4 (7.0–11.8) | 9.2 (7.8 to 10.6) | 22.1 (21.7–22.5) | 13.0 (11.8–14.1) |
| High | 13.1 (7.8 to 18.1) | 15.9 (23.7 to 24.9) | 2.8 (-12.0 to 17.6) | 10.5 (7.5 to 14.6) | 23.8 (23.3–24.3) | 13.3 (10.8–15.9) | 10.2 (8.5 to 11.9) | 22.2 (21.8–22.5) | 12.0 (10.6–13.3) |
| Very high | 11.2 (7.4 to 20.0) | 23.8 (23.0 to 24.5) | 12.6 (8.7 to 16.4) | 10.0 (6.3 to 14.6) | 23.9 (23.6–24.4) | 13.9 (10.4–17.4) | 10.0 (8.1 to 12.1) | 22.7 (22.4–23.0) | 12.7 (11.1–14.4) |
| Employment | |||||||||
| Early retirement | 11.4 (8.9 to 14.8) | 23.2 (20.0 to 24.6) | 11.8 (2.2 to 21.3) | 12.1 (10.8 to 14.7) | 23.9 (23.7–24.2) | 10.9 (8.9–12.9) | 10.2 (9.1 to 11.2) | 22.5 (22.3–22.7) | 12.2 (11.3–13.2) |
| Unemployed | 11.7 (8.6 to 21.8) | 22.4 (21.8 to 24.5) | 10.7 (5.8 to 15.5) | 14.9 (6.9 to 20.6) | 22.9 (21.2–23.9) | 8.0 (-0.9–16.9) | 7.6 (4.3 to 12.8) | 21.1 (19.9–22.0) | 13.5 (10.9–16.0) |
| Employed | 14.7 (12.6 to 18.3) | 24.2 (24.1 to 24.7) | 9.5 (7.0 to 12.1) | 10.6 (9.2 to 12.2) | 21.5 (20.7–23.6) | 10.9 (8.9–12.9) | 8.0 (7.3 to 8.8) | 20.2 (19.5–21.0) | 12.2 (11.3–13.2) |
| Education | |||||||||
| Primary school | 13.9 (11.1 to 17.5) | 23.7 (23.3 to 24.5) | 9.8 (7.2 to 12.5) | 11.9 (10.2 to 13.6) | 237 (23.3–24.1) | 11.8 (10.2–13.4) | 8.9 (8.1 to 9.7) | 22.0 (21.7–22.2) | 13.1 (12.4–13.8) |
| Youth education, high school | 12.8 (10.6 to 16.5) | 24.3 (23.9 to 24.8) | 11.5 (7.5 to 15.4) | 11.1 (9.2 to 13.2) | 23.6 (23.3–24.1) | 12.5 (10.7–14.2) | 8.8 (7.8 to 10.0) | 22.3 (21.9–22.6) | 13.4 (12.7–14.2) |
| Higher education | 13.9 (8.9 to 18.9) | 21.4 (22.9 to 24.8) | 7.5 (-0.9 to 15.9) | 12.6 (8.1 to 17.1) | 23.9 (23.4–24.4) | 11.3 (7.4–15.1) | 9.0 (6.6 to 11.4) | 22.6 (22.2–23.1) | 13.6 (11.6–15.7) |
| Psychiatric conditions | |||||||||
| Schizophrenia | Could not be est. | 8.7 (0.2 to 22.8) | 8.7 (0.6 to 16.8) | 5.5 (0.4 to 9.3) | 12.3 (6.0–23.6) | 6.9 (-2.7–16.4) | 5.2 (2.0 to 9.3) | 15.7 (10.2–19.5) | 10.5 (6.2–14.9) |
| Bipolar disorder, depression and recurrent depression | 2.4 (0.4 to 19.9) | 9.1 (3.2 to 24.0) | 6.8 (-1.4 to 15.0) | 11.6 (5.9 to 18.4) | 15.3 (11.0–22.5) | 3.6 (-3.9–11.2) | 6.4 (4.5 to 9.0) | 20.1 (18.0–22.3) | 13.7 (11.8–15.5) |
| Schizotypal disorder | 1.4 (0.02 to 2.6) | Could not be estimated | −1.4 (-3.1 to 0.2) | Could not be est. | 7.4 (0.1–13.5) | 7.4 (-0.2–15.1) | Could not be est. | Could not be est. | Could not be est. |
| Personality disorders | 12.6 (7.0 to 19.9) | Could not be est. | −12.6 (-17.7 to -7.6) | 13.2 (10.0 to 16.3) | 21.2 (18.7–22.8) | 8.0 (4.8–11.3) | 9.1 (7.5 to 10.8) | 18.6 (17.4–20.5) | 9.6 (8.0–11.1) |
| Other mental illness | 10.0 (6.0 to 15.1) | 22.8 (16.3 to 24.6) | 12.7 (-2.8 to 28.3) | 10.8 (8.7 to 12.9) | 19.8 (17.2–21.7) | 9.0 (6.3–11.7) | 7.9 (6.9 to 8.9) | 17.7 (16.3–19.2) | 9.9 (8.6–11.1) |
*Years of life lost were calculated as the difference in the area between the mean Kaplan-Meier survival curve in the patient and the general population cohorts.