TABLE 2.
Effect of probiotic exposure on the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus ASVs and genera in preterm infants.
| Cohort† | Postmenstrual | Probiotic-exposed: | Percent days | ||
| age | Postmenstrual age | on antibiotics | |||
| Taxa | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Bifidobacterium | 7.74 (−1.31, 16.8) | 0.132 (8.45e-04, 0.263) | −0.122 (−0.0285, 0.0416) | 0.00133 (−0.00938, 0.0964) | |
| Bifidobacteriumlongum ASV 202 | 9.84 (0.560, 19.1)* | 0.153 (0.0534, 0.252)** | −0.129 (−0.305, 0.0462) | −0.0751 (−0.226, 0.0754) | |
| Bifidobacteriumlongum ASV 203 | 29.0 (10.5, 47.5)** | 0.476 (0.295, 0.658)*** | −0.487 (−0.845, −0.129)** | −0.00342 (−0.228, 0.159) | |
| Bifidobacteriumbifidum ASV 204 | 15.6 (7.04, 24.2)*** | 0.233 (0.134, 0.332)*** | −0.228 (−0.390, −0.0647)** | −0.0650 (−0.195, 0.0648) | |
| Bifidobacteriumbreve ASV 205 | 21.12 (7.01, 35.4)** | 0.243 (0.105, 0.382)*** | −0.323 (−0.593, −0.0538)* | −0.160 (−0.367, 0.0480) | |
| Sum of other Bifidobacterium ASVs | −0.0484 (−12.8, 12.7) | 0.0923 (-0.0268, 0.211) | 0.00325 (−0.242, 0.249) | 0.0264 (−0.0654, 0.118) | |
| Lactobacillus | 6.82 (−6.29, 19.9) | 0.0785 (−0.0261, 0.183) | −0.117 (−0.371, 0.136) | −0.170 (−0.320, −0.0206)* | |
| Lactobacillus ASV 2940 | 4.50 (−10.2, 19.2) | 0.0688 (−0.0494, 0.187) | −0.0723 (−0.355, 0.210) | −0.174 (−0.322, −0.0258)* | |
| Other Lactobacillus | −17.0 (−38.9, 4.96) | 0.00255 (−0.0689, 0.120) | 0.0358 (−0.0738, 0.790) | −0.0243 (−0.457, −0.0282)* | |
Negative binomial regression was used to model Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus count data with an offset for sequencing depth. †Comparison of probiotic-exposed preterm infants to unexposed preterm infants. *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001.