Figure 1.

Multiscale Myocardial Mechanoenergetic Function. The model integrates previously developed and validated models of cardiomyocyte dynamics,^29,30 myocardial energetics,^23,35 whole-organ cardiac mechanics,³⁶ and a simple lumped parameter closed-loop circulatory system representing the systemic and pulmonary circuits. Data from multiple experimental modalities are used to identify model components for each individual animal in this study. Detailed descriptions of model formulation and implementation are provided in Marzban et al.³⁷ The model predicts variables representing the in vivo myocardial energetic state, including ATP hydrolysis rate, [ATP], [ADP], [Pi], and the free energy of ATP hydrolysis DG_ATP in the LV myocardium for each individual animal.