Table 3.
Clinical predictors for the presence of gout in the study sample.
| Univariate | Multivariate (with hyperuricemia) | Multivariate (without hyperuricemia) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p-value | |
| Sex (male) | 1.87 (0.82–4.26) | 0.136 | ||||
| Age* | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.065 | ||||
| Age >65 years | 2.60 (1.15–5.90) | 0.022 | 2.04 (0.78–5.34) | 0.147 | 1.59 (0.66–3.87) | 0.305 |
| BMI* | 1.05 (0.98–1.11) | 0.153 | ||||
| Obesity | 1.93 (0.96–3.89) | 0.065 | 1.56 (0.70–3.47) | 0.275 | 1.66 (0.78–3.54) | 0.190 |
| Hypertension | 1.63 (0.68–3.88) | 0.272 | ||||
| Diabetes | 0.94 (0.48–1.85) | 0.862 | ||||
| Dyslipidemia | 0.94 (0.47–1.91) | 0.866 | ||||
| Median uricemia 5 PY* (n = 219) | 1.94 (1.45–2.60) | <0.001 | ||||
| Hyperuricemia (n = 252) | 3.63 (1.71–7.70) | <0.001 | 2.64 (1.12–6.19) | 0.026 | ||
| Tobacco | 0.79 (0.35–1.74) | 0.553 | ||||
| Alcohol | 1.10 (0.47–2.55) | 0.833 | ||||
| Current CV event - ACS - CHF - Stroke or TIA - PAD |
1.00 (ref) 1.09 (0.34–3.46) 0.64 (0.21–2.00) 0.99 (0.41–2.42) |
0.814 0.889 0.446 0.983 |
||||
| Previous CVD | 1.42 (0.71–2.84) | 0.320 | ||||
| Median GFR 2 PY* (n = 231) | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | <0.001 | ||||
| CKD | 4.09 (2.04–8.20) | <0.001 | 2.13 (0.92–4.95) | 0.078 | 3.05 (1.40–6.64) | 0.005 |
| Beta-blockers | 1.98 (1.00–3.94) | 0.050 | 1.52 (0.66–3.50) | 0.329 | 1.48 (0.67–3.30) | 0.336 |
| ACE inhibitors | 0.85 (0.35–2.05) | 0.723 | ||||
| ARB | 1.53 (0.78–3.01) | 0.218 | ||||
| CCB | 2.50 (1.20–5.22) | 0.014 | 1.74 (0.76–3.98) | 0.190 | 1.68 (0.76–3.70) | 0.200 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 1.10 (0.47–2.55) | 0.833 | ||||
| Loop diuretics | 2.54 (1.26–5.11) | 0.009 | 1.17 (0.47–2.90) | 0.740 | 1.22 (0.52–2.88) | 0.648 |
| MRA | 1.68 (0.52–5.40) | 0.382 | ||||
| Antiplatelets | 1.16 (0.59–2.28) | 0.665 | ||||
| Anticoagulants | 1.57 (0.76–3.26) | 0.225 | ||||
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 1.12 (0.57–2.20) | 0.745 | ||||
| Antidiabetics | 0.82 (0.42–1.62) | 0.572 | ||||
Serum urate level at admission was not included due to the high rate of missing values (89/266, 33.5%). Ancestry was not included as no cases with gout were found in non-Caucasians.
Hyperuricemia was defined as median serum urate level ≥7 mg/dl in the previous 5 years. Chronic kidney disease was defined as median GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 in the previous 2 years, estimated according to CKD-EPI formula.
Quantitative variables.
OR, odds-ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; CV, cardiovascular; PY, previous years; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; CHF, congestive heart failure; TIA, transient ischemic attack; PAD, peripheral artery disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; CCB, calcium channel blockers; MRA, mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonists.