Table 2.
Demographics and baseline clinical characteristics of the COVID-19 patients (Non-recovery vs Recovery)
| Total (n = 357) | Non-recovery (n = 43) | Recovery (n = 314) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and characteristics | ||||
| Age, years, median (Q1, Q3) | 56.0 (43.0, 68.0) | 75.0 (62.0, 79.5) | 54.0 (40.0, 66.0) | <0.001 |
| Age ≥ 60, no. (%) | 164 (45.9) | 35 (81.4) | 129 (41.1) | <0.001 |
| Male, no. (%) | 185 (51.8) | 28 (65.1) | 157 (50.0) | 0.063 |
| Time from symptoms onset to designated hospital, days, median (Q1, Q3) | 9.0 (5.0, 15.0) | 9.0 (4.5, 15.5) | 9.0 (5.0, 15.0) | 0.658 |
| Coexisting disordersa, no. (%) | 154 (43.1) | 27 (62.8) | 127 (40.4) | 0.006 |
| Signs and symptoms | ||||
| Respiratory rate, breaths per min, median (Q1, Q3) | 20.0 (19.0, 21.0) | 22.0 (19.0, 26.5) | 20.0 (19.0, 21.0) | 0.025 |
| Systolic pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) | 131.0 (18.6) | 137.4 (21.4) | 130.1 (18.0) | 0.016 |
| Diastolic pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) | 79.2 (11.8) | 80.9 (14.4) | 79.0 (11.5) | 0.398 |
| Fever, no. (%) | 277 (77.6) | 34 (79.1) | 243 (77.4) | 0.804 |
| Fatigue, no. (%) | 138 (38.7) | 19 (44.2) | 119 (37.9) | 0.427 |
| Muscle soreness, no. (%) | 33 (9.2) | 3 (7.0) | 30 (9.6) | 0.781 |
| Headache or dizziness, no. (%) | 35 (9.8) | 2 (4.7) | 33 (10.5) | 0.285 |
| Dyspnea, no. (%) | 112 (31.4) | 25 (58.1) | 87 (27.7) | <0.001 |
| Cough, no. (%) | 226 (63.3) | 27 (62.8) | 199 (63.4) | 0.940 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| White blood cell count, ×109 /L, median (Q1, Q3) | 5.7 (4.3, 7.7) | 9.7 (7.1, 10.4) | 5.5 (4.1, 6.9) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil count, ×109/L, median (Q1, Q3) | 3.8 (2.7, 5.8) | 8.1 (5.5, 9.5) | 3.6 (2.6, 5.2) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count, ×109/L, median (Q1, Q3) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.9) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | <0.001 |
| Monocyte count, ×109/L, median (Q1, Q3) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.5) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.193 |
| Platelet count, ×109/L, median (Q1, Q3) | 195.0 (142.0, 246.0) | 155.0 (111.5, 239.0) | 197 (147.0, 246.0) | 0.034 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L, median (Q1, Q3) | 129.0 (116.0, 141.0) | 124.0 (104.0, 137.0) | 129.0 (117.0, 141.0) | 0.047 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L, median (Q1, Q3) | 25.0 (16.0, 41.0) | 30.0 (21.3, 45.7) | 24.5 (16.0, 40.0) | 0.029 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L, median (Q1, Q3) | 27.0 (20.0, 39.2) | 44.0 (33.0, 56.5) | 26.0 (20.0, 36.0) | <0.001 |
| Albumin, g/L, median (Q1, Q3) | 38.5 (34.5, 42.1) | 33.0 (29.8, 36.1) | 39.4 (35.6, 42.8) | <0.001 |
| Total bilirubin, μmol/L, median (Q1, Q3) | 10.1 (7.3, 14.4) | 12.6 (7.9, 19.7) | 9.7 (6.9, 13.7) | 0.003 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L, median (Q1, Q3) | 64.0 (51.0, 75.6) | 74.0 (56.7, 105.8) | 63.0 (51.0, 74.0) | 0.003 |
| Procalcitonin, mmol/L, median (Q1, Q3) | 0.05 (0.03, 0.12) | 0.19 (0.12, 0.45) | 0.05 (0.03, 0.09) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L, median (Q1, Q3) | 27.0 (6.17, 39.4) | 55.7 (39.4, 108.0) | 22.8 (5.0, 39.4) | <0.001 |
| Prothrombin time, s, median (Q1, Q3) | 12.5 (11.7, 13.3) | 13.4 (12.7, 14.5) | 12.3 (11.7, 13.1) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer, mg/L, median (Q1, Q3) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.8) | 3.8 (1.3, 11.3) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.4) | <0.001 |
| CK-MB, ng/mL, median (Q1, Q3) | 1.1 (0.7, 2.1) | 4.9 (1.9, 8.2) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) | <0.001 |
| Myoglobin, ng/mL, median (Q1, Q3) | 38.1 (23.0, 63.7) | 130.9 (65.8, 343.5) | 33.0 (21.7, 57.0) | <0.001 |
| High-sensitivity troponin T, ng/mL, median (Q1, Q3) | 0.0 (0.0, 3.0) | 0.1 (0.0, 2.1) | 0.0 (0.0, 3.0) | <0.001 |
| Treatment | ||||
| Lopinavir or ritonavir, no. (%) | 123 (34.5) | 9 (20.9) | 114 (36.3) | 0.047 |
| Ribavirin, no. (%) | 38 (10.6) | 7 (16.3) | 31 (9.9) | 0.194 |
| Abidol, no. (%) | 141 (39.5) | 21 (48.8) | 120 (38.2) | 0.182 |
| Chloroquine phosphate, no. (%) | 14 (3.9) | 1 (2.3) | 13 (4.1) | 1.000 |
| Glucocorticoid, no. (%) | 103 (28.9) | 25 (58.1) | 78 (24.8) | <0.001 |
| Immunoglobulin, no. (%) | 65 (18.2) | 20 (46.5) | 45 (14.3) | <0.001 |
CK-MB, creatine kinase isoenzyme.
a
Including hypertension, diabetes, chronic pulmonary disease, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, Congestive heart failure, renal disease, AIDS, metastatic malignancy, hepatic disease.