Table 2.

Patient characteristics

Characteristic	1. Tapentadol ER N = 46		2. ADF ER Opioids N = 5,313		3. Non-ADF ER Opioids N = 7,192		1 vs 2 Χ2	1 vs 3 Χ2	2 vs 3 Χ2
Age, y	N	%	N	%	N	%
<21	4	8.70	520	9.79	601	8.36	2.52	2.75	8.59
21–34	23	50.00	3,090	58.16	4,243	59.00
35–54	16	34.78	1,525	28.70	2,124	29.53
55+	3	6.52	178	3.35	224	3.11
Gender	N	%	N	%	N	%
Male	30	65.22	2,741	51.59	3,417	47.51	3.39	5.73	20.08*
Female	16	34.78	2,572	48.41	3,771	52.43
Unknown/missing	0	0.00	0	0.00	4	0.06
Race	N	%	N	%	N	%
White	31	67.39	4,255	80.09	6,197	86.17	6.13	16.33*	101.32*
Black	7	15.22	482	9.07	362	5.03
Hispanic	3	6.52	316	5.95	331	4.60
Other	5	10.87	260	4.89	302	4.20
Unknown/missing	0	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00
Education	N	%	N	%	N	%
Less than high school	21	45.65	1,519	28.59	1,936	26.92	12.08	13.78*	4.76
High school degree	14	30.43	2,185	41.13	3,064	42.60
Some college	6	13.04	1,330	25.03	1,810	25.17
College degree	2	4.35	152	2.86	211	2.93
>16 y	3	6.52	127	2.39	171	2.38
Employment	N	%	N	%	N	%
Professional	5	10.87	429	8.07	538	7.48	21.37*	22.52*	7.80
Administrative	4	8.70	636	11.97	850	11.82
Skilled/semiskilled	5	10.87	1,922	36.18	2,591	36.03
Student	4	8.70	136	2.56	160	2.22
Homemaker	4	8.70	463	8.71	634	8.82
Other manual/unskilled	5	10.87	555	10.45	723	10.05
Did not work for pay	4	8.70	289	5.44	417	5.80
Disabled	5	10.87	359	6.76	544	7.56
No occupation	8	17.39	501	9.43	696	9.68
Unknown/missing	2	4.35	23	0.43	39	0.54
Marital status	N	%	N	%	N	%
Married	9	19.57	1,190	22.40	1,714	23.83	0.27	0.30	9.06
Separated/divorced/widowed	11	23.91	1,161	21.85	1,662	23.11
Never married	24	52.17	2,938	55.30	3,788	52.67
Unknown/missing	2	4.35	24	0.45	28	0.39
Self-reported pain	N	%	N	%	N	%
Yes	29	63.04	3,127	58.86	4,366	60.71	0.56	0.26	6.07
No	16	34.78	2,178	40.99	2,821	39.22
Unknown/missing	1	2.17	8	0.15	5	0.07
Chronic medical problem	N	%	N	%	N	%
Yes	25	54.35	2,178	40.99	3,016	41.94	3.31	2.87	1.02
No	21	45.65	3,124	58.80	4,168	57.95
Unknown/missing	0	0.00	11	0.21	8	0.11
Criminal justice required substance abuse treatment	N	%	N	%	N	%
Yes	20	43.48	1,204	22.66	1,718	23.89	11.09*	9.54*	2.45
No	26	56.52	4,089	76.96	5,456	75.86
Unknown/missing	0	0.00	20	0.38	18	0.25
Treatment modality	N	%	N	%	N	%
Residential/inpatient	22	47.83	3,214	60.49	4,814	66.94	8.57	15.98*	61.20*
Outpatient/nonmethadone	13	28.26	1,022	19.24	1,148	15.96
Methadone/LAAM†	0	0.00	278	5.23	361	5.02
Corrections	5	10.87	288	5.42	283	3.93
Other	6	13.04	511	9.62	586	8.15
Treatment site	N	%	N	%	N	%
Northeast	0	0.00	230	4.33	154	2.14	10.91*	25.87	187.23*
South	29	63.04	3,414	64.26	5,361	74.54
West	9	19.57	411	7.74	311	4.32
Midwest	8	17.39	1,258	23.68	1,366	18.99
Drug severity score	N	%	N	%	N	%
0–1	4	8.70	101	1.90	147	2.04	15.06*	16.24*	10.00
2–3	0	0.00	108	2.03	137	1.90
4–5	5	10.87	367	6.91	401	5.58
6–7	14	30.43	1,648	31.02	2,267	31.52
8–9	17	36.96	2,803	52.76	3,851	53.55
Unknown/missing	6	13.04	286	5.38	389	5.41

ADF = abuse-deterrent formulation; ER = extended-release; LAAM = levo-α-acetylmethadol.

^* P < 0.01.

^†Levo-α-acetylmethadol is a synthetic mu receptor opioid agonist with similar structure to methadone but longer-acting.