Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, laboratory results, chest CT findings, and clinical outcomes of survivors and non-survivors with COVID-19.
| Total patients (N = 83) | Survivors (N = 34) | Non-survivors (N = 49) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | ||||
| Age, years | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 64 (11.0) | 61 (10.6) | 66 (10.9) | 0.039 |
| Median (IQR) | 65 (60–71) | 62 (55–68.8) | 68 (63–71) | |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||
| Female | 25 (30.1) | 9 (26.5) | 16 (32.7) | 0.546 |
| Male | 58 (69.9) | 25 (73.5) | 33 (67.3) | |
| Chronic medical illness, No. (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 42 (50.6) | 12 (35.3) | 30 (61.2) | 0.020 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 13 (15.7) | 4 (11.8) | 9 (18.4) | 0.416 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 7 (8.4) | 1 (2.9) | 6 (12.2) | 0.231 |
| Chronic neurological disorder | 3 (3.6) | 1 (2.9) | 2 (4.1) | >0.999 |
| Chronic liver disease | 5 (6.0) | 1 (2.9) | 4 (8.2) | 0.644 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 4 (4.8) | 2 (5.9) | 2 (4.1) | 0.706 |
| Diabetes | 30 (36.1) | 10 (29.4) | 20 (40.8) | 0.288 |
| Vital signs at pre-intubation, median (IQR) | ||||
| Heart rate, bpm | 99 (84.3–119.3) | 92 (79.3–116.8) | 100 (88.3–122.3) | 0.564 |
| Systolic pressure, mmHg | 132 (120.0–153.5) | 128 (116.0–147.5) | 137 (123–157) | 0.684 |
| Diastolic pressure, mmHg | 80 (67.0–91.5) | 73 (66.8–92.3) | 85 (69.5–90.5) | 0.979 |
| MAP, mmHg | 93 (86–115) | 91 (83–102) | 98 (86–113) | 0.735 |
| SpO2 | 82 (71.5–89.3) | 88 (78.0–92.5) | 79 (66.5–84.0) | 0.001 |
| PaO2, mmHg | 53.1 (45.6–59.5) | 59 (52.5–64.3) | 49 (42.6–55.4) | <0.001 |
| P/F at pre-intubation | 121 (103.6–135.2) | 134 (119.4–146.1) | 112 (96.8–125.8) | <0.001 |
| P/F at pre-intubation, No. (%) | ||||
| P/F >150 mmHg | 10 (12.0) | 7 (20.6) | 3 (6.1) | 0.515 |
| 100 ≤ P/F ≤ 150 mmHg | 55 (66.3) | 26 (76.5) | 29 (59.2) | 0.156 |
| P/F <100 mmHg | 18 (21.7) | 1 (2.9) | 17 (34.7) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory results at pre-intubation, median (IQR) | ||||
| Leucocytes count, × 109.L−1 | 12.46 (9.15–16.65) | 12.38 (8.68–15.36) | 12.53 (9.50–17.22) | 0.982 |
| Lymphocyte count, × 109.L−1 | 0.54 (0.42–0.71) | 0.67 (0.45–0.83) | 0.49 (0.35–0.60) | 0.107 |
| Neutrophil count, × 109.L−1 | 9.73 (7.82–16.57) | 9.60 (7.28–15.04) | 9.95 (8.47–17.03) | 0.362 |
| Platelet count, × 109.L−1 | 147 (98–197) | 134 (90.50–185) | 120 (69.75–167) | 0.021 |
| ALT, U.L−1 | 42 (26–68) | 53 (38–93.50) | 30 (20–54) | 0.425 |
| AST, U.L−1 | 41 (30–68) | 47 (28.50–68.50) | 38 (31.25–65.50) | 0.926 |
| AST/ALT | 0.99 (0.65–1.31) | 0.82 (0.60–1.03) | 1.14 (0.83–1.450) | 0.011 |
| BUN, mmol.L−1 | 8.73 (5.78–11.51) | 7.55 (4.92–8.97) | 9,35 (6.68–12.50) | 0.047 |
| Creatinine, μmol.L−1 | 65.9 (54.80–88.50) | 62.9 (52.30–76.93) | 69.6 (56.60–89.80) | 0.338 |
| BNP, pg.ml−1 | 86.34 (48.35–138.08) | 63.7 (45.2–89.23) | 114.6 (64.28–185.50) | 0.051 |
| TnI, ng.L−1 | 34.78 (19.96–77.68) | 24.4 (16.25–51.87) | 52.65 (23.48–87.93) | 0.362 |
| CRP, mg.L−1 | 81.9 (54.6–131.0) | 87.2 (46.5–131.0) | 81.4 (61.7–130.5) | 0.750 |
| Chest CT findings, No. (%) | ||||
| Bilateral distribution of patchy shadows or ground glass opacity | 83 (100) | 34 (100) | 49 (100) | |
| Duration from admission to intubation, median (IQR) | 6 (4–11) | 8 (4–12) | 6 (3–10) | 0.088 |
| Complications, No. (%) | ||||
| Cardiac injury | 37 (44.6) | 8 (23.5) | 29 (59.2) | 0.001 |
| Liver injury | 36 (43.4) | 8 (23.5) | 28 (57.1) | 0.002 |
| Kidney injury | 25 (30.1) | 3 (8.8) | 22 (44.9) | <0.001 |
| SOFA score at post-intubation day 3, median (IQR) | 5 (4–6) | 4 (4–4.8) | 6 (5–7) | <0.001 |
| Clinical outcome, No. (%) | ||||
| Hospitalization with extubation | 11 (13.3) | 11 (32.4) | 0 | |
| Hospitalization with intubation | 23 (27.7) | 23 (67.6) | 0 | |
| Died | 49 (59.0) | 0 | 49 (59.0) | |
| Survival time, median (IQR) | 19 (10–28) | 28 (28–28) | 11 (8–16) | <0.001 |
Data are mean (SD), median (IQR) and No. (%). P-values indicate differences between survivors and non-survivors. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. IQR, interquartile range; P/F, PaO2/FiO2 ratio; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SpO2, oxygen saturation; PaO2, partial pressure of oxygen; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; TnI, troponin I; CRP, C reactive protein; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.