Table 7.
Health problems assessed by previous studies
| Article | Hypertension (%) | Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (%) | Hypercholesterolemia (%) | Sleep Apnea (%) | Scoliosis (%) | Osteoporosis (%) | Hypogonadism (%) | Hypothyroidism (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laurance et al (1981) (51) | – | 17% | – | – | 58% | – | 92% F (MC) | – |
| Greenswag (1987) (52) | 17% | 19% | – | – | ± 50% | – | 94% F (MC) | – |
| Partsch et al (2000) (46) | 16% | 16% | 37% | 58% | 37% | – | 100% M / 100% F (MC) | – |
| Marzullo et al (2005) (50) | 23% | 8% | – | – | – | – | 100% F (MC) | – |
| Butler et al (2002) (53) | 13% | 24% | – | – | 34% | 2% | – | – |
| Thomson et al (2006) (42) | – | 13% | – | – | 37% | 3% | 58% Fa, 100% F (MC) | – |
| Sinnema et al (2011) (43) | 9% | 17% | – | 10% | 56% | 16% | 91% F (MC) | 9% |
| Grugni et al (2013) (49) | 48% | 21% | – | – | – | – | – | 5% |
| Proffitt et al (2019) (11) | – | 11%b | – | 45%b | 33%b | 9%b | – | 9%b |
| Hertz et al (1993) (54) | – | – | – | 7% | – | – | – | – |
| Richards et al (1994) (55) | – | 29%c | – | 86% | – | – | – | – |
| Höybye et al (2002) (47) | – | 5% | d | – | – | Osteoporosis: 21% Osteopenia: 58% | 63% (LM) | 0% |
| Eldar-Geva et al (2009) (56) | – | 10%c | – | – | – | – | 40% F (LM), 100% F (MC) | – |
| Nakamura et al (2009) (57) | – | – | – | – | 44% | – | – | – |
| Van Nieuwpoort et al (2011) (48) & Van Nieuwpoort et al (2018) (58) | – | 7% | – | – | – | Osteoporosis: 13% Osteopenia: 40% | 100% M / 82% F (MC) | 13% |
| Laurier et al (2015) (44) | 25% | 25% | e | 35% | 75% | – | – | 26% |
| Coupaye et al (2016) (45) | 16% | 19% | 10% | – | 78% | – | 96% (LM + RT) | 26% |
| Fintini et al (2016) (59) | – | 21% | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ghergan et al (2017) (60) | 22%c | 25%c | f | 23% | – | – | – | 25%c |
| Pellikaan et al (2020) (64) | 18% | 17% | 19% | 17%–93%g | 74% | Osteoporosis: 10%–44%g Osteopenia: 26%–60%g | 100% M / 93% F (MC) | 17% |
Abbreviations: F, females; LM, laboratory measurements (diagnosis of hypogonadism was based on LH, FSH and/or estrogen); M, males; MC, menstrual cycle (diagnosis of hypogonadism was based on amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea); RT, replacement therapy (diagnosis of hypogonadism was based on use of estrogen).
a 58% hypogonadism in females was reported; however, the method of evaluation was not described.
b Percentages or values based on the whole cohort of children and adults, as the values for the adult group alone are unknown.
c Reported, but to our knowledge not based on systematic screening.
d Total cholesterol was less than 5 mmol/liter in 16/19 patients, and 7 patients had LDL cholesterol above 3 mmol/liter, but the highest level found was 4.2 mmol/liter.
e Hyperlipidemia in 10% (hypercholesterolemia was not described).
f Dyslipidemia in 54% (hypercholesterolemia was not described).
g As polygraphy, polysomnography, and DEXA scans are not always indicated or feasible, we had many missing values for sleep apnea and osteoporosis. As the missing values were not random, we were only able to provide ranges for the prevalence of sleep apnea and osteoporosis.