Reported cases of orbital and choroidal metastases from urothelial carcinoma
| Authors | Year | Age | Sex | Origin | TCC first | Site | Time from TCC to met | Laterality | Ocular symptoms | Abnormal findings | Ocular therapy | Systemic therapy | Survival |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sklar et al. | 2018 | 64 | M | B | Y | Orbit | 6 months | OS | D, M, Pain, Prop | MRI | Decompression, surgical debulking | Comfort | 3 weeks |
| Gene et al. | 2017 | 67 | M | B | N | Orbit | 0 day | OD | M, V | MRI | NS | Chemotherapy + RT | Unknown |
| Magrath et al. | 2015 | 57 | F | B | Y | Orbit | - | OD | M, Prop, V | CT | NS | NS | 3 weeks |
| Mitsui et al. | 2014 | 48 | M | B | Y | Choroid | 17 months | OD | V | OCT, US, MRI | NS | Chemotherapy | 5 months |
| SooHoo et al. | 2012 | 53 | F | B | Y | Orbit | - | OD | Pt | CT | NS | NS | 3 months |
| Wiltshire et al. | 2009 | 88 | M | B | Y | Choroid | - | OU | V | DFE, ultrasonography | RT bl | RT | 4+ years |
| Wettach and Steele | 2008 | 66 | M | B | N | Orbit | - | OD | D, M, Pain, Prop, Pup, V | CT | NS | NS | 1 month |
| Zwicker et al. | 2008 | 50 | M | B | Y | Orbit | - | OS | Ch, D, M, Prop | MRI, AS, DFE | RT | NS | 6 months |
| Lin et al. | 2007 | 60 | M | B | Y | Orbit | 8 months | OD | Ch, D, M, Prop, V | CT, DFE | NS | Chemotherapy | 6+ months |
| Shikishima et al. | 2006 | 74 | M | B | Y | Orbit | 3 years | OD | Ch, D, IOP, M, Pain, Palp, Prop, V | CT, DFE | NS | Chemotherapy + RT | 7 months |
| Souza Filho et al. | 2005 | 53 | M | B | Y | Orbit | 3 weeks | OS | Ch, D, M, Prop, V | MRI | NS | NS | 1 month |
| Chua et al. | 2004 | 78 | F | B | Y | Orbit | 4 years | OD | Ch, D, M, Palp, Prop, Pt, V, Pain | CT | NS | NS | Unknown |
| Amemiya et al. | 2003 | 55 | M | B | Y | Orbit | 5 months | OU | D, M, Pain, Prop | MRI | NS | NS | 1 month |
| Amemiya et al. | 2003 | 73 | M | B | Y | Orbit | 6 months | OD | M, V | MRI | NS | NS | 1 month |
| Fynn-Thompson et al. | 2003 | 68 | M | B | Y | Orbit | 11 years | OS | M, Prop, Pup, V | CT, DFE | NS | NS | 1 month |
| Nabi et al. | 2002 | 43 | F | B | Y | Orbit | 6 months | OS | Ch, Prop, V | CT, DFE | NS | Chemotherapy | 1 month |
| Nabi et al. | 2002 | 79 | M | B | Y | Intraocular | 8 months | OD | D, Ph, V | CT, DFE | NS | Chemotherapy | 3 weeks |
| Scott and Williams | 1995 | 75 | M | B | Y | Orbit | 3 years | OD | Ch, D, IOP, M, Pain, Prop, Pup, V | CT | NS | Steroids + abx | 13 days |
| Hugkulstone et al. | 1994 | 45 | M | B | N | Orbit | 0 days | OU | Ch, D, M, Palp | CT, DFE | NS | Chemotherapy + RT | 5 months |
| Angulo et al. | 1991 | 61 | M | B | Y | Orbit | 11 months | OD | D, Prop | CT | NS | NS | 4 weeks |
| Felip et al. | 1991 | 58 | M | B | Y | Orbit | 3 weeks | NS | M, Pt, T, V | CT | NS | NS | 3 months |
| Felip et al. | 1991 | 62 | M | B | Y | Orbit | 3 years | OS | D, M, Pain, Prop, V | CT, DFE | NS | Declined | Unknown |
| Prats et al. | 1989 | 58 | M | B | Y | Orbit | 3 weeks | OS | M, Prop, Pt, T, V | CT | Decompression | NS | 4 months |
| Pe’er and Zimmerman | 1984 | 69 | M | U | Y | Choroid, ON | 2.5 years | OS | IOP, Pain, V | AS, DFE | RT, enucleation | NS | Unknown |
| Atta | 1983 | 50 | F | RP | Y | Choroid | 2 years | OS | Ph | DFE, US, FA | NS | Chemotherapy + RT | 5 months |
| Krauss et al. | 1982 | 64 | F | B | Y | Orbit | 15 months | OD | C, D, M, Prop, Pt, Pup, T, V | CT | RT | NS | 1 month |
| Cieplinski et al. | 1982 | 57 | M | B | Y | Choroid | 6 months | OU | V | DFE | RT bl | Chemotherapy | Unknown |
| Gordon and Munro | 1974 | 65 | M | B | Y | Choroid | 2 years | OU | V | DFE | RT bl | NS | 1 month |
| Smiley | 1965 | 75 | M | B | N | Orbit | 0 day | OS | D, M, Palp, Prop, Pup, V | DFE, skull films | NS | NS | 8+ months |
AS, anterior segment; B, bladder; bl, bilateral; C, reduced color vision; Ch, Chemosis; D, diplopia; DFE, dilated fundus examination; FA, fluorescein angiography; IOP, change in intraocular pressure; M, motility defect; NS, not stated; OCT, optical coherence tomography; ON, optic nerve; Palp, palpable mass; Ph, photopsia; Prop, proptosis; Pt, ptosis; Pup, pupillary defect; RT, radiotherapy; RP, renal pelvis; T, trigeminal hypoesthesia; TCC, transitional cell carcinoma; U, ureter; US, ultrasound; V, decreased visual acuity.